社会善念是一种低成本亲社会倾向，源于社会困境和合作动机研究，基于相互依赖理论提出，其核心概念是个人反映在社会互动情境中的个体特质和人际特质，具有感知他人的技能和尊重对方、让渡选择权的意愿。社会善念具有特质和状态的特征，其认知加工有待探索，前人研究提出社会善念促进合作行为的理论假设，需要在不同社会困境中的合作行为进行验证，并探索其影响合作行为的内部机制。研究对教育、组织和社会领域有一定的启示，也从新的视角丰富了亲社会领域的理论框架。从理论和实践的角度出发，通过探讨社会善念的心理结构、认知加工特征及其对合作行为的影响机制，阐释社会善念的人格内涵和社会意义。

本文通过4个大研究10个小研究和21个子研究，拟解决四个核心问题：第一，社会善念的内在心理结构是什么？如何更加科学有效地测量？第二，社会善念的认知特征和加工方式是什么？第三，社会善念与不同社会困境中合作行为的关系是什么？第四，社会善念通过哪些路径机制影响合作行为？

研究一通过3个小研究探索社会善念的心理结构，并编制特质-状态社会善念测量工具，验证两者的关系。研究1聚焦特质社会善念的心理结构，研究1-1进行关于社会善念的开放问卷调查，进行词频分析；研究1-2开展词汇评定分析，确立社会善念词表；研究1-3进行基于词汇的心理结构探究，通过验证性因素分析探究特质社会善念的内在心理结构；研究1-4基于前期结果编制相应的特质社会善念自陈量表，并验证其信效度。研究2重点开展关于状态社会善念的测量范式探究，研究2-1对于传统经典范式进行本土化和单一属性处理，并验证其信效度，研究2-2从物品偏好的角度继续进行变式验证，研究2-3从稀缺关注的角度继续验证新的变式，通过以上研究确立社会善念的心理结构以及科学有效的测量工具。研究3探讨特质-状态社会善念的关系，并在此基础上对不同性别、年龄、学历、职业、社会阶层的个体进行基于人口学特征的差异分析。

研究二通过2个小研究分析高低特质-状态社会善念者的认知特点及其认知加工方式。研究4对高低社会善念者在人际反应指标（例如移情关怀、观点采择）、心理理论，以及抑制功能上的差异性进行检验，分别设计研究4-1高低特质社会善念者的认知特点和研究4-2高低状态社会善念者的认知特点。研究5探讨特质-状态社会善念的认知加工方式，其中设计研究5-1考查不同特质社会善念者的决策时间特点，探索特质社会善念的认知加工方式；研究5-2通过设置高、低时间压力实验条件探究时间压力对状态社会善念的影响，研究5-3通过设置高、低、无自我损耗实验条件探究自我损耗对状态社会善念的影响。

研究三通过2个小研究验证社会善念与合作行为的关系。研究6探索特质社会善念与合作行为的关系，通过设置不同社会困境设计3个子研究，研究6-1来自单次囚徒困境游戏的证据，以代表索取困境中的合作行为；研究6-2来自单次多人公共物品游戏的证据，以代表给予困境中的合作行为；研究6-3来自重复囚徒困境游戏的证据，以代表更具有生态效度的重复困境中的合作行为，探索特质社会善念与不同社会困境中合作行为的关系。以此类推，设计研究7状态社会善念与合作行为的关系，从不同社会困境的角度考查不同的合作行为表现。

研究四通过3个小研究从个体、人际和情境三个路径上探索社会善念影响合作行为的内部机制。研究8尝试探索特质社会善念对合作行为的个体路径影响机制，探索诚实-谦恭和社会价值取向的链式中介作用；研究9尝试探索特质社会善念影响合作行为的人际路径机制，探索信任和社会价值取向在特质社会善念影响合作行为路径上的中介调节作用。研究10尝试探索特质社会善念影响合作行为的情境路径机制，设置高社会距离和低社会距离实验条件，分析社会距离是否调节了特质社会善念对合作行为的影响。

通过以上研究得到主要结论如下：

第一，确立特质社会善念词表。特质社会善念具有个体特质（善良尊重、谦和恭逊）和人际特质（乐观豁达、包容理解）的二阶四因素心理结构。编制的特质社会善念自陈量表和改编的状态社会善念变式信效度良好。状态社会善念与特质社会善念的“谦和恭逊”和“包容理解”维度相关较高。且年龄、社会阶层越高，其社会善念表现越好。

第二，高特质或状态社会善念者具有较高的移情关怀和观点采择的人际反应，但却没有表现出很高的心理理论和抑制功能。高特质社会善念者的善念决策具有直觉加工的特点；而状态社会善念不受时间压力影响，但受到自我损耗控制的影响，表现出控制加工的特点。

第三，高特质或状态社会善念者，在不同社会困境中均表现出很高的合作行为。

第四，特质社会善念作为一种稳定的特质，通过诚实-谦恭人格维度的建构，反映个体对互惠的基本偏好，产生由社会经验延伸发展出来的社会价值取向，从而在社会困境中表现出不同的合作行为。亲社会个体的特质社会善念越高，信任感越强，并能够将对他人的一般信任期望转换为互惠期望，从而促进合作行为的产生。而亲自我个体的特质社会善念与信任之间关系较弱。面对组员是陌生人的情境，高特质社会善念者较之低社会善念者，表现出了更高的合作行为。而组员是熟人的情境，高低特质社会善念者均表现出较高的合作行为。

综上所述，研究在理论上探索了社会善念的二阶四因素心理结构，提出特质-状态社会善念理论，深入探讨了社会善念的认知加工特征，系统验证了社会善念有效促进合作行为的理论构想，并提出了社会善念促进合作行为的三路径模型机制。为促进人类合作行为的有效策略提供科学参考，并为教育、组织和社会领域提供了实践依据。

Social mindfulness was a low-cost prosocial tendency, originating from social dilemmas and cooperative motivation. It was based on the interdependence theory. The core concept was that individual and interpersonal traits reflected in the social situation had the skill of perceiving others and the will to respect others and transfer the right of choice. Social mindfulness had the trait and state characteristics, and its cognitive processing needed to be explored. Previous studies had proposed the theoretical hypothesis that social mindfulness promoted the cooperative behavior, which needed to be verified in different social dilemmas and explored its influence on cooperative behavior and the internal mechanism. The research will have certain enlightenment in the fields of education, organization and society, and also enrich the theoretical framework of the prosocial field from a new perspective. From the perspective of the theory and practice, the study explored the psychological structure, cognitive characteristics of social mindfulness, and its effect on the cooperative behavior to explain its connotation and significance.

The research aimed to solve four core problems through 4 large studies, 10 small studies, and 21 sub-studies. First, what was the inner psychological structure of social mindfulness? How to measure it more scientifically and effectively? Second, what were the cognitive characteristics and processing methods of social mindfulness? Third, what was the relationship between social mindfulness and the cooperative behavior in different social dilemmas? Fourth, through which mechanisms did social mindfulness influence the cooperative behavior?

The first research explored the psychological structure of social mindfulness through three small studies, and compiled trait-state social mindfulness measurement tools to verify their relationship. Study 1 focused on the psychological structure of trait social mindfulness. Study 1-1 conducted an open questionnaire on social mindfulness and did term frequency analysis. In study 1-2, a vocabulary analysis was conducted to establish the social mindfulness vocabulary. Study 1-3 explored the psychological structure of trait social mindfulness through confirmatory factor analysis for the vocabulary. For the scientific measurement of trait social mindfulness, study 1-4 compiled the corresponding trait social mindfulness self-report scale through previous research and verified its reliability and validity. Study 2 focused on the paradigm of state social mindfulness. Study 2-1 revised the classic SoMi paradigm through localization and single-attribute processing, and analyzed its reliability and validity. Study 2-2 continued to verify the new variant from the perspective of goods preference. Study 2-3 verified the new variant from the perspective of scarcity concern. The research obtained the scientific measurement tools of trait-state social mindfulness through the above studies. Study 3 explored the relationship between trait social mindfulness and state social mindfulness, and analyzed the status of individuals’ trait-state social mindfulness in different genders, ages, educational backgrounds and social classes.

The second research analyzed the cognitive characteristics and processing methods of high and low trait-state social mindfulness. Study 4 explored the cognitive characteristics of high and low traits-state social mindfulness, and analyzed the differences in the indicators of interpersonal response (such as empathic concern, perspective-taking), theory of mind, and inhibition function of high and low social mindfulness. Study 4-1 explored cognitive characteristics of high and low trait social mindfulness and study 4-2 explored cognitive characteristics of high and low state social mindfulness. Then study 5 was designed to examine the cognitive processing methods of the trait-state social mindfulness, in which study 5-1 examined the decision-making time of high or low trait social mindfulness to explore the cognitive processing methods. For state social mindfulness, study 5-2 explored the impact of time pressure on state social mindfulness by setting high time pressure and intuitive induction, low time pressure and thoughtful induction. Study 5-3 explored the impact of ego depletion on state social mindfulness by setting high, low and no ego depletion.

The third research verified the relationship between social mindfulness and cooperative behaviors in different dilemmas through two small studies. Study 6 was the exploration of the relationship between trait social mindfulness and cooperative behavior. Three sub-studies were designed by setting different social dilemmas. Study 6-1 was the evidence from a single two-person prisoner dilemma to represent the take-some dilemma. Study 6-2 was the evidence from a single multi-person public good game to represent the give-some dilemma. Study 6-3 was the evidence from the repeated prisoner dilemma to represent the repeated dilemmas in a more ecologically valid manner. By analogy, the relationship between state social mindfulness and cooperative behaviors in different social dilemmas in the Study 7 was designed and studied.

The fourth research explored the internal mechanism of social mindfulness affecting the cooperative behavior from three paths: individual, interperson and situation through three small studies. Study 8 attempted to explore the individual personality path mechanism of the influence of trait social mindfulness on the cooperative behavior, and to explore the chain-mediating role of honesty-humility and social value orientation. Study 9 attempted to explore the interpersonal path mechanism of trait social mindfulness affecting the cooperative behavior, and to explore the moderated-mediation role of trust and social value orientation. Study 10 set high social distance (unfamiliar group) and low social distance (familiar group) to explore the situational path mechanism of trait social mindfulness affecting the cooperative behavior, and analyzed the moderate role of social distance.

Through the above research, the main conclusions were finally reached as followed:

First, the research established the trait social mindfulness vocabulary. The psychological structure included two higher-order factors: individual traits (kindness and respect, humility) and interpersonal traits (optimism and openness, tolerance and understanding). There was a moderate correlation between the trait and state social mindfulness, and "tolerance and understanding" and "humility" dimensions in trait social mindfulness were more relevant with state social mindfulness. The higher age or social class, the higher the social mindfulness was.

Second, the people with the high trait or state social mindfulness had higher empathic concern and perspective taking, but they did not show higher theory of mind and inhibition function. The people of the high trait social mindfulness had the characteristics of the intuition processing, while the state social mindfulness was not affected by the time pressure, but was affected by ego-depletion, had the control processing characteristics.

Third, the high trait or state social mindfulness showed the higher cooperative behavior in different social dilemmas.

Fourth, trait social mindfulness reflected the individuals’ basic preference for reciprocity through the construction of honesty-humility, and produced the social value orientation extended from social experience, so as to show different cooperative behaviors in social dilemmas. The higher prosocial individuals’ social mindfulness was, the stronger the trust was. The general trust expectation of others could be transformed into the reciprocal expectation, so as to promote the emergence of cooperative behavior. However, the relationship between social mindfulness and trust was weak for low prosocial individuals. Finally, facing the situation that the group members were strangers, the high social mindfulness people showed higher cooperative behavior than the low social mindfulness people. However, when the group members were friends, high and low social mindfulness people all showed the same higher cooperative behavior.

To sum up, the research theoretically explored the two-order four-factor psychological structure of social mindfulness, put forward the theory of trait-state social mindfulness, explored the cognitive processing characteristics of social mindfulness, systematically verified the theoretical hypothesis that social mindfulness could effectively promote the cooperative behavior, and put forward the tri-path model mechanism. It provided the scientific reference for the effective strategies of promoting human cooperative behaviors and practical basis for the education, organization and society.