核能是一种高效、经济、可靠的清洁能源，已经成为人类使用的重要能源。中国近年来加快推进能源结构优化调整，实行能源多元化。必须按照确保社会稳定和谐、公众健康、环境安全稳定总体要求，把“安全第一”的方针和理念落实到核电发展规划、设计、建造运行与退役的全过程及所有相关产业。2011年3月11日，在日本发生的福岛核事故对世界核电发展影响重大，给世界各核电国家的核电管理、监管、及安全水平的提升带来许多启示。核电的大力发展必须首先确保核安全，国际核安全合作可以有效地提升各国核安全水平，是核安全事业发展的助推器。根据国内现行政策法规，核能发电作为清洁能源，相较于火电具有优先上网权，是我国经济可持续发展的重要因素；核的特点与特质决定了核安全性是整个产业的生命线确保核安全是核工业产业持续发展的根本，优化我国核安全政府监管体制极为关键。

本研究使用文献研究、案例追踪等方法，将特定对象设置为具有国内核安全监管模式代表性的我国先进反应堆堆型Y核电厂的真实受监管情况，来研究分析我国核安全政府监管的现行模式与存在的问题，并梳理总结其他国家在核安全政府监管方面的良好实践与可借鉴的经验，以图为优化我国核安全政府监管方面提供具有针对性的政府监管建议。

政府监管与服务型政府理论是本研究使用的主要理论，梳理总结核安全政府监管Y核电厂的实际举措包括核安全审批、审评、授权等，以及在整个监管链条取得的良好实践与经验；并结合案例发现当前核安全政府监管存在的问题，包括顶层体系设计缺陷、制度规范匹配衔接性、政府监管工具与方略不够完备等。本文提出应借鉴国外核安全政府监管方面的优秀举措与成熟经验，特别是从政府监管独立性与良好的信息透明制度与成熟的公众沟通机制。而国内目前主要是从创新监管体制机制与完善法律法规体系等方面展开核安全政府监管工作。基于此本文提出对标先进、优化监管能力建设、强化监管职能、优化监管人才管理模式、加强政府对独立第三方引入与合作等方面的建议并提倡借鉴国外内的良好实践。同时，本研究给出以Y核电厂为代表的国内核安全监管的具体建议：首先是结合我国多型号堆型的现状，大力推进核安全法规政策的匹配更新，确保有“准法”可依，其次是优化整合我国较为分散式的核安全政府监管资源，对核安全政府监管体系和组织机构进行优化固化并确保独立性，明确监管岗位责任制。最后是加强国际、国内多边合作与独立第三方监管工作机制，推广核安全文化并推动行业自律。

 Nuclear energy is a kind of efficient, economical and reliable clean energy, which has become an important energy used by human beings.In recent years, China has accelerated the optimization and adjustment of its energy structure and implemented energy diversification.In accordance with the overall requirements of ensuring social stability and harmony, public health and environmental safety and stability, the principle and concept of "safety first" must be implemented into the whole process of nuclear power development planning, design, construction, operation and decommissioning as well as all related industries.  .For this reason, in order to make better use of the nuclear energy and achieve the greater development, it is necessary to cope with various challenges and maintain the nuclear security. According to the current policies and regulations in China, compared with that of the thermal power, the generation of the nuclear electricity as a clean energy has the priority in accessing to the national grid, which can meet the needs of China’s economic sustainable development. In addition, the characteristics of the nucleus itself determines that the nuclear safety is the lifeline of the whole industry. For example, the three major nuclear accidents in history, which happened respectively on the Three Mile Island, in Chernobyl and in Fukushima, have indeed reflected the significance of nuclear safety. On this basis, it is the keystone of the sustainable development of the nuclear industry to ensure nuclear safety, and it is extremely important to optimize the government’s supervision and regulation system of the nuclear safety in China. 

Against this background, by focusing on the government’s supervision and regulation of nuclear safety, by taking the literature research method, the method of  the discussion method, the tracking and recording method of the individual case and other methods, this thesis takes China’s nuclear plant Y with the advanced reactor in receiving the government’s supervision and regulation of nuclear safety as the specific research object to study the current mode of its receiving the government’s supervision and regulation of nuclear safety, summarize China’s and foreign countries’ advanced experience in the government’s supervision and regulation of nuclear safety, and analyze the current situation and existing problems of the government’s supervision and regulation of the nuclear safety of the nuclear power plant Y in details, so as to provide the targeted policy recommendations.

The theory of government supervision and service-oriented government is the main theory used in this study, which summarizes the practical measures taken by the government to supervise Y nuclear power plant, including nuclear safety approval, review and authorization, and concludes the results achieved in the whole process. Then, combined with concrete cases, it tries to find the current problems in the government’s supervision and regulation of nuclear safety, including the institutional norms and standards which haven’t keep pace with the times, the system for which the top-level design has not been clear enough and the regulatory skills and means which needs to be improved. At last, it proposes that the relevant practices and excellent practices of the foreign governments’ supervision and regulation of nuclear safety in foreign countries should be used for reference.

In foreign countries, the emphasis is laid on the performance of the work from the aspects of the independent supervision and regulation as well as the information transparency; while in China, the government’s supervision and regulation of nuclear safety is carried out from the aspects of innovating the system and institution and the top-level design of supervision and regulation, strengthening the means of supervision and regulation and accelerating the informatization. Based on this situation, this paper proposes to take the excellent practices in foreign countries as references in such aspects as bench marking the advanced, reinforcing the function of supervising and regulating nuclear safety, improving the training of professional technologies and supervision abilities, and enhancing the government’s introduction of and cooperation with independent third parties.

Combined with the actual situation of the government’s supervision and regulation of the nuclear safety of the nuclear power plant Y, this study puts forward the countermeasures to optimize the supervision and regulation of the nuclear safety of the nuclear power plant Y: Firstly, the government’s resources of the supervision and regulation of nuclear safety should be optimized and integrated, the government’s supervision system and organization of nuclear safety should be optimized, the institutions at all levels should be improved, the independent linear management mode of staff, capitals and materials should be established, and the long-term mechanism of the self-assessment and self-improvement of the government’s supervision and regulation of nuclear safety should be gradually improved. Secondly, combined with the current situation of China’s reactors of various types, the updating and revision of the regulations and policies of nuclear safety should be comprehensively promoted, the gradual merging with international and domestic standards should be realized, and the administrative regulations of taking appointments with certificates and regular assessment should be determined. Thirdly, the forms of supervision and regulation should be innovated in practices, and the responsibilities on guard and the training paths of the supervisors should be clarified. Finally, the working concept of building a community with a shared future for nuclear security should be adhered to and established, the bilateral and multilateral cooperation in China and with foreign countries as well as the mechanisms of liaisons should be reinforced, the division of labor and cooperation in terms of the government’s supervision and regulation, the public’s communication, the industry’s self-discipline and the enterprise’s autonomy should be clarified, the extensive and diversified consultations should be holden regularly, and the peer review and the corresponding supporting measures should be welcomed in an open and transparent manner.