作为人类从生态系统中获得的福祉，生态系统服务及其价值评估有助于增强经济可持续性和人类福祉。梵净山世界自然遗产地既是亟待保护的动植物栖息地，又是正在大力发展的旅游热点地区，面临着保护和开发之间的权衡。本研究走访了遗产地范围内的18个村落，通过TESSA工具包和InVEST模型评估气候调节服务、水相关服务、培育性产品、采集性产品、自然游憩服务这五项生态系统服务的货币化价值，得到当前保护状态下的生态系统服务价值约26亿元；同时依据村民意愿模拟了未来加大开发的情景，即备择状态下的生态系统服务价值约22亿元，减少了14.4%，其中气候调节服务、采集性产品、自然游憩服务的价值降低，而培育性产品的价值增加。结果表明虽然扩大开发能够在培育性产品方面获得额外的收益，但这是以自然环境为代价的，将造成更大的经济损失。因此，环境保护才是梵净山可持续发展的根本。管理者在决策中应充分重视梵净山定位，发展生态经济带动当地民生发展才是长久之计。

由于梵净山佛教文化和少数民族文化浓厚，本研究利用SolVES模型进一步分析了生态系统文化服务的空间分布格局，包括精神宗教价值、文化遗产价值、地方感、教育价值、游憩和生态旅游、美学价值、存在价值七类。结果显示这七项文化服务都呈现聚类分布，其中村民感知到精神宗教价值和文化遗产价值的频率较低。在坡向、到林地的距离、到草地的距离、土地利用和土地覆盖、到居民点的距离、到水系的距离、到公路的距离、坡度这八个环境因素中，对文化服务空间分布影响最大的环境因素是到公路的距离。本研究还比较了新冠疫情发生前后村民对文化服务的感知差异。从村民感知到的重要性来看，文化遗产价值、教育价值、美学价值在疫情发生后显著降低。结果表明景区建设时应优先考虑公路两边的土地。而对于距离公路较远的土地，由于其对人类获取文化服务的影响较小，应该减少开发利用，充分保护该区域的生态环境，优先保障其他生态系统服务的提供。

As the benefits people obtain from ecosystems, the assessment of ecosystem services helps to enhance economic sustainability and human well-being. Fanjingshan World Natural Heritage is not only a wildlife habitat that needs to be protected, but also a tourism hot spot that is developing vigorously. It faces the trade-off between protection and development. This study interviewed 18 villages in the Fanjingshan World Natural Heritage. Based on TESSA toolkit and InVEST model, five ecosystem services were valued in monetary terms, including global climate regulation, water-related services, cultivated goods, harvested wild goods, nature-based recreation and tourism. In the current state, the monetary value is 2,598,046,660 yuan. Meanwhile this study simulated the scenario of higher development according to the villagers' wishes, that is, the alternative state. The monetary value in the alternative state is reduced to 2,223,837,459 yuan in which the value of global climate regulation, harvested wild goods, nature-based recreation and tourism decreased, while the value of cultivated goods increased. The results showed that while higher development can yield additional benefits in terms of cultivated goods, this comes at the cost of the natural environment and will result in greater economic losses. Therefore, strict environmental protection is fundamental to the sustainable development of Fanjingshan. This study indicates that Fanjingshan national nature reserve management bureau should fully consider Fanjingshan’s situation during decision-making to promote coordinated development of local livelihoods based on ecological economics.

In consideration of the strong Buddhist culture and ethnic minority culture in Fanjingshan, this study used SolVES model to further analyze the spatial distribution pattern of cultural ecosystem service, including spiritual and religious values, cultural heritage values, sense of place, educational values, recreation and ecotourism, aesthetic values, existence values. The results show that the seven cultural services present cluster distribution, and the villagers perceive the spiritual and religious values and cultural heritage values less frequently. The most important environmental factor affecting the spatial distribution of cultural services is the distance to road. This study also compared the differences of cultural services perceived by villagers before and after the COVID-19 epidemic. The importance perceived by the villagers of cultural heritage values, educational values and aesthetic values decreased significantly after the COVID-19 epidemic. The results show that priority should be given to the land beside the road during the construction of the scenic spot. While the land far away from the road has smaller impact on cultural ecosystem service, the utilization should be reduced, and the ecological environment should be fully protected to guarantee the provision of other ecosystem services.