宋代是文学批评史上的一个重要发展时期，散文批评取得了重要成就。学界多关注成体系的文章学专著、评点本，对于集部序跋、书信等文本中的散文批评内容也多有研究，而对于子部、史部笔记中零散的、丰富的散文批评观点缺少系统的梳理与研究。笔记记录散文创作轶事，品评作家作品，进而提出理论性观点，并试图总结文章发展规律，从中能够反映出宋代文人对散文的独到见解。本文以宋人笔记中的散文批评材料为研究对象，探究作家批评、创作批评、传播批评的不同形态，分析其中的独到观点，并总结笔记式散文批评的特色与价值。

第一章分析宋人笔记中的作家批评观点。作家是创作的主体。作家德行、性情及政治经历、学识素养会对散文的思想内涵、艺术风格产生影响。风格是作家创作个性的体现。笔记用概括化和具象化的方式描述作家风格，又对风格的内部构成进行具体分析，通过比较凸显不同作家风格之间的差异，并在遗闻轶事中彰显写作特色。同时，对作家散文成就的评价也是笔记的重要内容，思想道德标准、文体标准和风格标准均对成就评判发挥作用。

第二章研究宋人笔记中丰富的散文创作批评观点，分析文体、立意、行文、修辞和遣词造句等方面的创作要求。正体是散文创作的第一步，笔记重视对文体的探讨，辨析文体源流，从体制、语体、体式、体性几个方面阐释“尊体”理论，同时也对“破体”持较为宽容的态度。“意”是一篇文章的纲领和灵魂，笔记追求散文立意推陈出新、自成一家。在确立文章意旨后，作家要谋篇布局，叙事性散文和论体文应尤其注重行文布置、破题和结尾的撰写，笔记提倡言简义丰，行文繁简有当。作家运用多样的修辞手法，以提高语言表达的效果，笔记对修辞格的探讨以譬喻、用典和对偶为主。积字成句，累句成篇，词句是构成散文的基本元素。笔记重视实词锤炼，认为虚词具有调节语气和文章节奏的作用，并探讨如何化用前人句法以达到“夺胎换骨”的效果。

第三章将文学批评与传播学相结合，探讨宋人笔记中有关散文传播媒介、读者反馈及传播效果的批评观点。散文的内容要通过一定的物质载体才能保存和传播，不同的传播方式对散文传播的时间长度和空间范围影响不同，媒介的差异能够为散文文本的理解和评价提供多种视角。散文传播的受众是读者，而读者并非一味接受，还会对文章内容进行评价或做出情绪反应，受众中的“意见领袖”——即名流的反馈会对文章认可度、作家声誉和仕途发展产生较大影响。散文作品在作者身后的很长时间内持续传播，这种传播会引起不同时代读者多样化的文本阐释，也从显性和隐性两个层面带动后世作者的创作效法，进而对散文的发展流变产生长久的影响。

第四章在前三章的基础上，归纳宋人笔记在散文批评方面的特色，并总结笔记式批评的地位和价值。笔记将摘句批评与本事批评相结合，并运用知人论世的方法，实现散文批评和人物研究的统一，在语言批评方面也颇具特色。宋代学术风气、理学思潮和政治斗争情况影响笔记作者的知识体系、政治立场和思想倾向，进而催生出不同的散文批评方法和观点。从宏观的视角来看，笔记式散文批评为宋代文章学的成熟积累了丰富的材料，以灵活的形式和丰富的内容代表着文章学程式化之前的广阔天地。

宋人笔记中的散文批评提出了有价值的观点，丰富了散文批评史。且笔记运用多样的批评方法，具有印象式、综合性、语境感、层累性等特征，展现出中国古代散文批评的特色，也能够为当代的散文研究提供新思路。

Song Dynasty is an important development period in the history of literary criticism, prose criticism has made important achievements. Scholars pay more attention to the systematic monographs and commentaries, and have more research on the content of prose criticism in the prefaces and postscripts, letters and other texts. However, there is a lack of systematic combing and research on the scattered and rich prose criticism views in the notes. Notes record anecdotes of prose creation, comment on writers ' works, and then put forward theoretical views, and try to summarize the law of development of the article, which can reflect the unique views of literati in the Song Dynasty on prose. This paper takes the prose criticism materials in the notes of the Song Dynasty as the research object, explores critical views on writers, creation and dissemination, and summarizes the characteristics and value of note-style prose criticism.

The first chapter analyzes the critical views on writers in the notes of the Song Dynasty. Writer is the subject of creation. The writer 's morality, temperament, political experience and knowledge will have an impact on the ideological connotation and artistic style of prose. Style is the embodiment of the writer 's creative personality. The notes describe the writer 's style in a general and concrete way, and make a concrete analysis of the internal composition of the style. By comparing the differences between different writers ' styles, it highlights the writing characteristics in the anecdotes. At the same time, the evaluation of writers ' prose achievements is also an important part of notes. Ideological and moral standards, stylistic standards and style standards all play a role in achievement evaluation.

The second chapter studies the critical views on prose creation in the notes of the Song Dynasty, and analyzes the creative requirements of style, conception, writing, rhetoric and diction. Authenticity is the first step in prose creation. Notes attach importance to the discussion of style, analyze the origin of style, and explain the theory of " respect for style " from several aspects. " Meaning " is the program and soul of an article. Notes pursue prose conception and innovation. After establishing the intention of the article, the writer should plan the layout of the article. Narrative prose and argumentative essays should pay special attention to the arrangement of the text, the writing of the title and the end. The notes advocate simple words and rich meanings. The writers use various rhetorical devices to improve the effect of language expression. The notes on the rhetoric of metaphor, allusion and duality. Words and sentences are the basic elements of prose. The notes attach importance to the refinement of notional words, think that function words have the function of adjusting the tone and the rhythm of the article, and explore how to use the previous syntax to achieve the effect of " Duo Tai Huan Gu ".

The third chapter combines literary criticism with communication to explore the critical views of prose media, reader feedback and communication effects in Song notes. The content of prose can be preserved and spread through a certain material carrier. Different modes of communication have different effects on the time length and space range of prose communication. The difference of media can provide a variety of perspectives for the understanding and evaluation of prose texts. After the prose is spread, it is received by readers, who do not blindly accept it, but also evaluate the content of the article or make emotional reactions. The " opinion leader " in the audience, that is, the feedback of celebrities, will have a greater impact on the recognition of the article, the reputation of the writer and the development of the career. Prose works continue to spread for a long time behind the author. This spread will lead to a variety of text interpretations by readers in different times, and will also drive the creation of later authors from both explicit and implicit levels, thus having a long-term impact on the development of prose.

On the basis of the first three chapters, the fourth chapter summarizes the characteristics of the notes of the Song Dynasty in prose criticism, and summarizes the status and value of note-based criticism. Notes combine excerpt criticism with source criticism, and use the method of knowing people and discussing the world to realize the unity of prose criticism and character research, which is also distinctive in language criticism. The academic atmosphere, Neo-Confucianism and political struggle in the Song Dynasty influenced the knowledge system, political position and ideological tendency of the note writers, which gave birth to different prose criticism methods and viewpoints. From a macro perspective, the note-style prose criticism has accumulated rich materials for the maturity of the Song Dynasty 's article study, and represents the broad world before the stylization of the article study with flexible forms and rich content.

The prose criticism in the notes of the Song Dynasty put forward valuable views and enriched the history of prose criticism. The notes use a variety of critical methods, with the characteristics of impression, comprehensiveness, context, and accumulation, showing the characteristics of ancient Chinese prose criticism, and can also provide new ideas for contemporary prose research.