为了解决计划经济时期我国义务教育阶段公立学校办学活力不足和学校同质化现象严重等问题，我国进行了以扩大义务教育阶段公立学校办学自主权为内容的市场导向的教育改革，市场导向的教育改革导致了义务教育阶段公立学校学校一方面滥用权利，另一方面缺乏承担民事责任的能力。为了解决上述问题，我国进行了以强化政府对义务教育发展的责任为内容的政府导向的教育改革，政府导向的教育改革导致了义务教育阶段公立学校的办学自主权受到了政府的压制。无论市场导向的教育改革还是政府导向的教育改革都过于强调义务教育阶段公立学校与外部主体的关系，忽视了义务教育阶段公立学校本身的设置目的。我们应该确定义务教育阶段公立学校的设置目的，并在此基础上设计义务教育阶段公立学校的法律地位。从全球视野来看，义务教育阶段公立学校本身只是一种手段，其设置目的经历了从实现国家教育权到保障受教育权的转变。从我国法律对义务教育规定的演变来看，我国义务教育阶段公立学校的设置目的也经历了从实现国家教育权到保障受教育权的转变。我国当前义务教育阶段公立学校的设置目的是保障受教育权，保障受教育权应该作为设计我国义务教育阶段公立学校法律地位的基础。在保障受教育权成为义务教育阶段公立学校的设置目的之后，受教育权指公民个体个性、才智、身心的充分发展，由于公民个体在个性、才智和身心方面存在差别，公民群体受教育权的实现客观上要求义务教育阶段公立学校的特色化和多样化。虽然经过了三十多年的“简政放权”改革，我国义务教育阶段公立学校对政府的依附关系仍然比较明显，这种状况制约着义务教育阶段公立学校特色化和多样化的形成。自治是义务教育阶段公立学校形成特色化和多样化发展的必要条件，我国义务教育阶段公立学校应该获得自治地位，保障义务教育阶段公立学校获得自治地位的最优方式是赋予义务教育阶段公立学校公法人资格。公法人具有多种形态，为了保障学生及其家长等人员的参与，我国义务教育阶段公立学校应该选择公法社团的公法人形态。在确定义务教育阶段公立学校公法社团身份的基础上，需要分析义务教育阶段公立学校在与政府、教师和学生法律关系中享有的权利和承担的义务，从而描绘出我国义务教育阶段公立学校法律地位的全景。我国义务教育阶段公立学校与政府的关系经历了从内部行政关系到外部行政关系的转变，在外部行政关系中，义务教育阶段公立学校应该享有专业性权利和公法人应该享有权利，同时承担接受政府监督的义务。我国义务教育阶段公立学校与教师的关系经历了从任命关系到聘任关系的转变，从维护义务教育的公益性和保护教师权益的目标出发，义务教育阶段公立学校与教师的聘任关系应该被确定为公法聘任关系，在公法聘任关系中，义务教育阶段公立学校对教师享有聘任、解聘的权利和承担履行聘任合同的义务。义务教育阶段公立学校与学生的关系经历了从传统特别权力关系到现代特别权力关系的转变，借鉴大陆法系国家的重要性理论，我国义务教育阶段公立学校享有管教学生的权利，同时承担保护学生基本权利的义务。关键词：义务教育阶段公立学校，法律地位，受教育权，公法社团

To solve the lack of vitality and the homogenization problems of public compulsory educational schools during planned economy periods in China, we have had market-oriented education reform featuring the autonomy in running school. On the one hand, market-oriented education reform leads to the abuse of power of public compulsory educational schools, on the other hand leads to the lack of its civil responsibility. To solve them, we should strengthen the compulsory responsibilities of the government and ensure the autonomy in running schools about public compulsory educational schools. Both the market-oriented education reform and the government-oriented education reform too much emphasis on the relationship between public compulsory educational school and its external-body, while overlooking its aims. We should define the aims of public compulsory educational school, and design the proper legal status of public compulsory educational school.From the global perspective, Public compulsory educational schools are mere tools, which serve for from state to the right to education in the world. Public compulsory educational schools also serve for from state to the right to education in China. The right to education should become the basis to design the legal status of public compulsory educational schools in China. After the right to education becoming the basis to design the legal status of public compulsory educational schools, The right to education should comprise the fully develop of individual citizen’ personality, intelligence, mind and body. Based on the disparity above, public compulsory educational schools should be diversification. Bureaucracy between public compulsory educational schools and government after devotion reform since thirty years, which resist on public compulsory educational schools’ diversification. We should give public compulsory educational schools legal status for their diversification. Legal person has many patterns, public compulsory educational schools should be public legal community.After defining public compulsory educational schools’ public legal community, we should analyze the legal relationships between public compulsory educational schools and government, teacher, student. The legal relation between public compulsory educational schools and government turn inner administrative relationships into outer administrative relationships, public compulsory educational schools should have professional rights and legal person’ rights and the obligation of acceptance of government supervision. The legal relationship between public compulsory educational schools and teachers turn recognizing into employing. The contract is administrative contract between public compulsory educational schools and teachers, under which public compulsory educational schools should have some rights and duties. Based on the importance theory of continental legal system, The legal relationship between public compulsory educational schools and students turn professional relationship into important relationship, under which public compulsory educational schools could manage students and recognize students’ basic rights.KEY WORDS：public compulsory educational school; legal status; the right to education; public legal community