古人说：“死生亦大矣。”死亡是人类社会从古到今所有阶层都要面对的现实。哀祭文是祭奠或者哀悼死者的文章，诞生于中国古代的丧葬礼仪，并在“丧葬文化”的大背景之下发展起来，具有浓郁的抒情色彩和强烈的文学性。从哀祭文体所担负的独特的社会功能出发，可以更深入的考辨其渊源、体制和风格，而通过对诔、祭文、吊文、哀辞、哀策等哀祭文体的礼制溯源探讨文体的发生和流变，可以还原文体的本真面貌，更好的研究哀祭文体的演变轨迹，理解其内涵。 本文拟从文体的角度切入，分六章具体分析研究先唐各类哀祭文体的源流、演变、文体特征的变化，以及哀祭文产生和流变的文化背景和原因。绪论主要是对本文所研究的哀祭文体对象进行界定。哀祭文体的命名各有不同，对哀祭文体分类下的诔文、祭文等的划分也是各执标准，而每一类文体在发展演变中会相互影响，在交叉和渗透之中或者妥协或者征服，导致了后代文体分类发生了困难。绪论部分梳理中国古代的文体分类理论，指出“哀祭文”的分类依据。 第一章和第二章为背景研究，主要讨论中国古代传统文化中的丧祭思想及作为其表现形式的丧祭礼仪。第一章“古代丧祭思想”从早期社会死而不亡的观念和灵魂不灭观念开始谈起，对儒家、道家思想中的死亡观念以及对死亡的超越方式进行挖掘和梳理，对佛教和道教理论中化解人们对死亡的恐惧以及超越死亡的方式进行研究。第二章“古代丧祭仪式”中主要是对古代具体的丧祭礼仪进行梳理，并对丧祭礼仪的象征意义和文化功能加以分析，丧葬文化有着诠释生死关系、凝聚宗族情感、整合社会关系以取得认同等不同的功能，并体现为不同的丧葬礼仪。而文体又是文化的外在表现，所以对丧祭文化以及丧祭礼仪的研究可以对后面解读哀祭文体提供文化和制度上的依据。 从第三章到第六章分别对诔、祭文、吊文、哀辞、哀策等各类哀祭文体和买地券、镇墓文、告地策几类丧葬文书进行具体的研究。每一种文体都萌芽于特定的历史文化土壤，有其独特的文体功能，即许多文体都萌生于特定的礼仪背景中，以其独特的潜质发挥着解释、装饰礼仪的特殊功能。每一章首先从发生学的角度研究唐前哀祭文体的产生，从哀祭文萌芽的仪式性背景出发讨论诔文、吊文、祭文、哀辞、哀策、挽歌的起源和礼制溯源，从哀祭文体的仪式背景和文体功能出发可以更深入的考辨其渊源。具体而言，“诔”就是在诔辞的基础上形成的一种文体，而诔辞是古代丧葬礼仪中“命谥”之典的组成部分；而“吊”本身是我国古代社会的一种礼制，从属于“凶礼”的一部分；祭文，来源于我国古代社会的祭祀活动，最早用来指那些祈求神灵庇护的祝祷性文字；挽歌最早是在古代送葬仪式上起助哀作用的歌曲，汉代开始“挽歌送葬”发展为丧葬礼仪中固定的礼仪用乐制度。之后论文从史的角度讨论哀祭类文体的各个分支在唐之前的消长与嬗变规律，具体关注哀祭文体的体制、抒情方式、语言特征等因素，梳理出先唐哀祭文体的历史演变轨迹。论文还以情感因素作为着眼点，结合不同时代人们生死观和生命意识的变化来探讨各类哀祭文体在发展过程中的荣衰轨迹。告地策、镇墓文、买地券等丧葬类文书虽然看起来渊源各异，分别与古代土地、户籍等制度相关，但是其本质上都有着镇墓意义，与官方和民间的信仰仪式密不可分。通过对这几种丧葬文书的研究可以让我们对古人的冥界信仰、视死如生的丧葬观念以及传统的镇墓习俗等有深入的认识，也可以更好的把握古人的生命观念。

Death is definitely the fact that all of stratifications have to confront in all ages. The funeral oration is a kind of articles to mourn the dead, which originates from Chinese ancient funeral rituals, and is developed under the background of funeral culture, full of plentiful affect and powerful literariness. From its specific social functions, this paper aims to explore the origin, structure and style of the funeral oration; Furthermore, the original form of styles can be represented by exploring the development of Eulogism, Elegiac, Funeral orations, Lament, Lament verse, so that the style implications can be well understood. This paper is organized from the perspective of literary style, and analyzes the origin, evolution, stylistic change of the mourning funeral oration, as well as their cultural background and reasons in the Pre-Tang period. The Preface focuses on the definition of the mourning funeral oration. The classification of Eulogism, Elegiac depends on different nomination; Furthermore, different literary styles have mutual influences, such as conquering or compromising with each other, in the process of their evolution, which directly causes the difficulty in the classification of literary styles in the later periods. The preface proposes the evidence of using " the mourning funeral oration ", and the reasons of selecting Eulogism, Elegiac, Funeral orations, Lament, Lament verse and Funeral documents as the target objects. Chaper 1 and Chapter 2 focus on the research background, which aim to explore the thoughts and expressions of the funerals , i.e. the funeral rituals, in Chinese ancient culture. In Chapter 1 titled "The Ancient Funeral Thoughts", the ancient funeral thoughts in China is discussed, from the thoughts of "dead, not vanishing" and "permanent soul" existed in the mind of the primitive people, to the thoughts of death and its surpassing in the Confucianism and the Daoism, as well as the thoughts of reducing the fear resulted from and meanings of transcending the death in the Buddhism and the Daoism. Chapter 2 titled "Ancient Funeral Rituals" mainly issues detailed funeral rituals at ancient times, and analyzes their symbolic meanings and cultural functions. Funeral culture can be adopted to demonstrate the relations between life and death, unite lineage emotions, and incorporate social relations to acquire identification and other functions, and finally emerges as various rituals. Rather, literary style is a kind of cultural expression, so the research towards funeral culture and rituals can provide cultural and institutional evidence for illustrating the mourning culture. From Chapter 3 to Chapter 6, the mourning funeral oration including Eulogism, Elegiac, Funeral orations, Lament, Lament verse and funeral documents including Hades ground certificate, Tomb guarding inscription, Announcement to the world below are analyzed concretely. Each literary style is rooted in the specific historical and cultural context, and has its unique function. That is to say, many literary styles are produced in specific ritual background, and exert the relevant functions of demonstration and decoration. Among the three chapters, each starts with the origin of the mourning funeral oration in the Pre-Tang Period, from the perspective of embryology, then discusses the origins and styles of Eulogism, Elegiac, Funeral orations, Lament, Lament verse from the ritual background of the primary mourning funeral oration, so that we further explores its origin. After that, each section in chapters historically emphasizes the evolution and the rules of different branches of the mourning funeral oration before Tang Dynasty, and focuses on its styles, lyric modes and language characteristics, which aims to explore its evolutionary track. The three chapters consider non-ritual emotional factors as the key point, and explores the boom and bust track in the developing process of the mourning funeral oration, combined with emotional changes at different eras. Chapter 6 aims to research Hades ground certificate, Tomb guarding inscription and Announcement to the world below, which leads the cognition towards text into consideration of multi-factors including history and culture, and finds the relations between the literary style and cultural factors. Hades ground certificate, Tomb guarding inscription and Announcement to the world below and other funeral documents combines official rituals with folk rituals tightly; though these documents are relative to ancient land and household registration separately, they actually have the functions of preserving tombs as funeral documents. Through this paper, we can have insights of underworld beliefs, attitudes towards death like the living, and traditional customs of preserving tombs among our forefathers, so that we can better grasp their living perceptions.