土地银行是西方主要国家于18世纪中期建立并实施的旨在解决本国城市化进程加快、土地利用不合理、城市土地价格过高、农业产业发展乏力等问题的一种机构。这种机构兼具银行与土地运营两种职能，并通过政府赋予的专营性权力推动土地开发与利用。通过土地银行机制的实施，西方主要国家都平稳地完成了城市化进程，解决了城市化进程中碰到的诸多问题，取得了丰富的实践经验。现在，越来越多的发展中国家面临到当初西方国家曾经遇到过的问题，许多国家也相应建立起了类似机制来解决土地问题。而当前，中国正步入改革开放深水区，涉及城乡二元体制转变的诸多问题亟待解决，经济社会发展中许多热点、焦点问题追踪溯源都可以归结到土地关系上来，包括城市土地关系、农村土地关系与城乡土地关系。本研究立足于通过建立中国的土地银行机制构建新型合理的土地关系。论文首先梳理了中国土地关系的发展历程，对历史上每个阶段的土地关系形成及特点都做了详尽回顾，然后就什么是合适的土地关系展开讨论，提出了土地关系应有助于支撑不同阶段经济社会发展、有助于实现土地价值最优化和有助于调节与缓和各种社会矛盾这三条判断标准。其次，论文从西方国家如何通过土地银行机制解决土地问题这一视角出发，详细讨论了西方国家建立与实施土地银行的原因、背景、模式、主要做法和相关经验，并与中国土地关系中的具体问题联系起来进行探讨。在此基础上，论文深入分析了中国当前在土地关系中面临的各方面问题，包括城乡差距、土地流转途径、小农经营方式等，并指出当前各种土地问题的症结在于土地关系的变革跟不上生产力发展的变革速度。接下来，本文还结合各地近几年来主动探索的各种解决这些问题的做法、模式与机制展开讨论，对比分析了广东模式、天津模式、武汉模式、苏州模式、重庆模式和成都模式，讨论了这些地方在处理农村集体建设用地流转、宅基地换房、承包经营权抵押、土地入股、地票交易和农地确权等问题中的做法和举措得失，并在上述讨论、分析的基础上，结合中国国情及具体情况，提出了提出了中国应当通过建立土地银行解决城乡统筹及土地改革中诸多问题的观点，并就如何设立及实施中国的土地银行机制给出了概要性设计方案。本研究认为，土地关系已经成为阻碍中国发展的大问题，也是中国城市化、城乡一体化进程中不可回避的核心问题之一。解决好土地关系问题，关键在于让土地关系适应生产力的发展。而土地银行，就是已经被国外经验证明了的可以用于解决土地关系问题的机制之一。况且，近几年来中国各地的实践和探索也充分表明，破解当前城乡土地流转、农村土地集约节约利用的关键在于建立一个服务于流转的机构和设立一套能够调动各方积极性的新流程。所以，虽然各地的举措，都从某一方面缓解了日益严重的土地问题，重新激发了农民开发土地、利用土地的积极性。但是，在这些探索之上，还缺乏一个统一的、集成的、规范的、能够整合所有探索举措和办法的机制，而土地银行，则可以满足这种需求并能发挥出应有的作用。在此基础上，本研究参考国内外两方面相关机制的设立原则和方法，提出中国的土地银行应当是完全国有的政策性金融机构，能够办理普通商业银行业务与土地经营业务，具备融资、交易通平台和平均地权三方面的功能，同时能够发行和经营土地债券。该银行从中央到地方应当分五级设立，其中中央土地银行不办理具体业务，只负责调整政策及监管下级银行；省级和市级土地银行分别管理本辖区内的土地流转和银行业务；县级和乡镇级土地银行能够有效解决中国农村基层金融网点过少的问题。通过这一机制的建立，中国能够最大程度地整合现有体制下各地探索与实践的具体内容，能够让无论是农地还是城市土地流转起来，让市场机制真正主导土地配置，让土地的开发与使用遵从最优化的价值原则，为重构新时期中国的土地关系奠定坚实基础。

Land Bank is the institution of Western countries, which established and implemented in mid-18th century, to resolve problems as urbanization process accelerated, land use unreasonable, high price of urban land and undynamic type of agriculture. This institution has two kinds of function as banks and land operations. It also has franchise conferred by the government to promote land development and utilization. The major Western countries have a smooth completion of the process of urbanization with a wealth of practical experience through the helps of land bank. Now, more and more developing countries are facing to the original Western countries have encountered problems, many countries have accordingly established a similar mechanism to solve the land problem.At present, China has entered a new and deep period of reform and opening-up, involved many problems of urban and rural change in the system to be solved in many hot spots of the economic and social development, focus tracking traceability can be attributed to the relationship to the land up, including the relationship of urban land, rural land between relationship with the urban and rural land. This study is based on to establish the new reasonable land relationship through the mechanism of the Land Bank. Firstly, the study reviews the course of development of land relations in China and does a detailed review on the formation and characteristics of each stage in the history of land relations, then disscusses what is the appropriate land relationship. The study raises three regulations to measure proposed land relations, such as it should help to support different stage of economic and social development and contribute to land value optimization and helps to regulate and ease the various social contradictions of these three criteria. Secondly, the study discuss in detail the reasons for Western countries to the establishment and implementation of the Land Bank, background, pattern, practice and relevant experience from Western countries through the Land Bank mechanism to address land issues in this perspective. On this basis, the study analysizes of various aspects of the problem faced by China in relationship to the land, including the gap between urban and rural areas, land transfer pathway, small farmers and mode of operation, combined with the practice all over the recent years the initiative to explore a variety of solutions to these problems, Patterns and mechanisms to discuss the comparative analysis of Guangdong mode, the mode of Tianjin, Wuhan mode, the mode of Suzhou, Chongqing mode and Chengdu mode, discussed in these places in dealing with the rural collective construction land circulation and homestead wards, contract and management rights mortgaged, land shares, to vote trading and agricultural land is indeed the right practices and measure gains and losses, and the above discussion, based on the analysis, combined with China's national conditions and specific conditions, urban and rural areas of China should be resolved through the establishment of the Land Bank and land reform, many problems in view, and how to set up and implementation of the Land Bank mechanism gives a summary of design programs.This study suggests that the relationship to the land has become a big problem to hinder China's development, is also one of the core issues of China's urbanization which can not be avoided in the process of urbanization. To resolve the relationship, the key is the new channels to establish a new mechanism, the implementation of new initiatives. Land Bank, as the foreign experience, has been proven to be one of the mechanisms to resolve land relations. Moreover, in recent years the practice and exploration of the various parts of China also fully demonstrates that to crack the current urban and rural land circulation, rural land intensive economical use of the key lies in establishing a service to be able to mobilize the enthusiasm of the new process the transfer and the establishment of a set. So, while around the move from one aspect of alleviate the growing problem of land, re-energize the farmers' land development and use of land. However, in these explorations above, but also the lack of a unified, integrated, standardized, to consolidate all of the exploration initiatives and approaches to the mechanism, the Land Bank, to meet this demand and to play its due role. On this basis, the reference mechanism both at home and abroad to set up the principles and methods, the proposed land bank should be fully state-owned policy-oriented financial institutions, with ordinary commercial banks and land management functions of the two, with financing transactions through the three functions of the platform and the average land ownership, issuance and operation of land bonds. Should be divided into five to set up the bank from the central to local, including the Central Land Bank does not apply for a specific business, is only responsible for the adjustment policies and supervise lower-level bank; provincial and municipal Land Bank to manage the land transfer and banking business in this area; County Land Bank of level and township level to effectively address the problem that few Chinese rural grass-roots financial outlets.