访谈法作为质性研究的基础方法之一，广泛应用于各个领域，其中访谈设计、标准化和研究者培训是影响访谈信度的主要因素。很多研究者认为访谈者的能力和素质对访谈过程和结果有很大的影响。目前访谈学习和培训的专业学习资源稀缺，这跟访谈法广泛应用的情况是相反的。研究者在教学实践中发现初学者在学习和实践访谈时有一些普遍的困难和误区，但是少有专门针对初学者群体学习和实践过程中出现问题的深入研究和调研，也缺乏有效的、针对性的解决方案。访谈的学习不能脱离具体情境，情境模拟的方式应用在很多应用类型知识和技能的学习和教学中，研究者认为为学习者创设合适的、与实际情境贴近的情境，能提升学习者的学习体验和效果。本研究将深入研究初学者学习和实践访谈的过程及其遇到的困难，并将借助情境模拟的形式，进行方案设计，希望能够为初学者提供更好的学习体验。
本研究首先对访谈的流程、访谈技巧、访谈人员培训以及情境模拟进行了文献调研，梳理出访谈学习的内容，包括访谈流程、访谈技巧和编码软件等。然后通过采用访谈法得到影响初学者的学习和实践访谈过程的因素，访谈被试共11 名，访谈文本共计十万余字，编码小组采用扎根理论三级编码对转录访谈文本进行分析，共提炼出43 个概念，5 个需求分类，分别为内容需求、实践需求、学习动机、访谈准备和理论知识，选择编码对5 个需求进行整合，寻找各类属之间的关系，最终形成访谈学习和实践的影响因素理论模型。并依此基础进行设计转化，首先通过用户画像和用户旅程图梳理访谈学习和实践访谈流程以及相应的用户需求和痛点，然后结合用户研究结果和影响情境模拟中学习情境创设的准则进行方案设计，共有三个模块的十一个功能点。本研究采用网页产品的形式进一步方案呈现，并在设计软件Figma中进行具体的界面设计。最后本研究对设计方案产出的产品原型进行了可用性测试，结合认知走查法和系统可用性量表对产品的可用性进行测试，测试被试共6 名，各自完成16 个测试任务，最后通过简短的访谈搜集被试对产品的评价和反馈。最终测得产品可用性总分为87.08分，易学性和可用性维度的平均分分别为79.17和89.06，产品比大约96%的系统可用性更好，因此本研究设计的网页产品具有一定的可用性。并依据可用性测试分析以及被试反馈总结迭代意见。

As one of the basic methods of qualitative research, interview is widely used in various fields, among which interview design, standardization and interviewers training are the main factors that affect interview reliability. Many researchers believe that the interviewers’ ability and quality have a great impact on the interview process and results. At present, professional learning resources of interview learning and training are scarce, which is contrary to the widespread use of interview method. In teaching practice, researchers have found that beginners have some common difficulties and misunderstandings in learning and practicing interviews, but there are few in-depth studies aimed specifically at those common difficulties. And there is also a lack of effective and targeted solutions. The interview learning can not be separated from the specific situation. The situation simulation is used in the learning and teaching of many applied types of knowledge and skills, can enhance the learner’s learning experience and effect. This research will study the process of learning and practicing interview and the difficulties encountered by the beginners, and will use the form of situation simulation to design the scheme, hoping to provide a better learning experience for the beginners.

Firstly, this study investigated the process of interview, interview skills, training of interviewers and situation simulation, and sorted out the content of interview learning, including interview process, interview skills and coding software. Then, by using the method of interview, we get the factors that affect the beginners’ experience of learning and practicing in the interview process. There are 11 interviewees in total, and the interview text is more than 100,000 words, the coding team used grounded theory to code and analyze the transcript of the interview, and extracted 43 concepts and five needs categories, namely, content needs, practical needs, learning motivation, interview preparation and theoretical knowledge. The selected coding find out the relationships among the five categories. Finally, the theoretical model of the influencing factors of interview learning and practice is formed. And based on this, for design transformation, first this research use user portraits and user journey map to sort out the interview learning and practicing process and the corresponding user needs and pain points. Then, the scheme is designed according to the results of user research and the criteria of creating simulated learning situation. There are 11 function points in three modules. This research adopts the form of web product to present the scheme, and carries on the concrete interface design in the design software Figma. At last, the product prototype of the design scheme was tested by Usability testing, and the usability of the product was tested by cognitive walk-through test and system usability scale, finally, through a brief interview to collect participants’ evaluation and feedback. The overall usability score was 87.08, and the average scores of learnability and usability were 79.17 and 89.06. The product was more usable than about 96% of the system. Therefore, the web products designed in this study are usable. Finally, based on the Usability testing analysis and the feedback from the participants, the iterative feedback was summarized.