自2005年7月21日,人民币汇制改革以来，中国的贸易顺差和贸易额以及外汇储备不减反增,中美贸易的不平衡问题也并未因人民币的升值而改善，更加剧了美、欧等主要贸易顺差来源地与中国的贸易摩擦，影响中国进出口贸易的发展速度，同时也给人民币升值带来巨大压力。因此,人民币升值的贸易效应,以及中国贸易顺差的深层次根源值得深思。本文在回顾了中国汇率改革之路及贸易顺差、外汇储备概况的基础上，探讨了汇率波动对中国贸易结构的影响，重点研究了贸易商品结构、贸易主体结构、贸易方式结构和贸易地区结构与人民币汇率波动的相关性，并阐明了人民币汇率波动对各贸易结构及贸易顺差所产生的作用和影响，对中国的进出口结构升级提出了对策和建议。本文核心观点：中国的进出口需求弹性之和的绝对值小于或接近于1，因此汇率波动对中国进出口贸易影响不大。汇率波动改变了进出口贸易结构，但对新经济形势下贸易顺差作用不大，中国制造业的迅猛发展、外资企业的不断涌入才是增加贸易顺差的主要原因。

Since China began the reform of RMB exchange rate mechanism, started from July 21st 2005, the trade surplus of China and the total trade volume had increased, but not reduced as it was expected. The trade imbalance between China and America was not ameliorated because of the RMB appreciation. However, it aggravated the trade friction between China and America, Europe. The author reviewed the RMB exchange rate mechanism reform and discussed the RMB exchange rate fluctuation and its influence to the trade structure. The author also researched the correlation between RMB exchange rate fluctuation and the commodity combination structure, the trade mode structure, the trade region structure, provides the suggestion in facing the import and export structure reforming.