随着我国进出口贸易的快速增长和各类重大政治事件的频发，实验室的检测结果是否准确越来越受到社会的关注。作为对实验室能力进行客观评价的重要手段，实验室认可逐渐被社会所接受和承认，并成为实现“一次检测、全球承认”的重要途径。国家认可中心作为国内唯一的认可机构，在对外贸易、政府和实验室提高自身能力三大需求的推动下，寻求获其认可的实验室数量不仅出现了较快增长，而且实验室的类型、领域和地域分布更加多样，这些业务发展的新情况和新趋势都增加了实验室认可的风险。如何合理控制实验室认可的风险，将是实验室认可能否健康发展的基础和关键。为全面识别和控制实验室认可过程中存在的风险因素，本论文首先对国家认可中心的实验室认可数量、地域分布和领域分类进行了分析，从而找出现阶段实验室认可的发展特点。通过对近期申请认可实验室数量和领域分布变化的分析，预测实验室认可的数量仍将保持高速增长，同时新能源和新材料等新技术将是实验室认可增长的关键领域。在实验室认可发展现状、发展趋势和风险控制现状分析的基础上，采用过程方法，将实验室认可过程分为受理、评审、评定、批准发布和后续监督五个相互衔接的子过程，通过过程分析，共识别出风险因素28项。经过对风险因素进行风险评估，将风险因素分为5种类型，确定国家认可中心、实验室和评审员是风险因素的主要来源，同时确定受理过程、评审过程和后续监督过程是风险控制的关键过程。针对识别的主要风险因素和风险控制的关键过程，建议采用系统的观点构建国家认可中心的风险控制体系，并强调风险控制中全员参与的重要性。建议国家认可中心的风险控制体系应该包括风险信息采集、风险事项的识别、风险信息的沟通、风险信息的评估、风险因素的控制和风险控制实施效果的监督6个方面。结合实验室认可的特点，强调通过完善人员考评和激励机制，建立实验室和评审员的诚信监控体系来降低实验室认可的风险。

With the rapid growth of China’s import and export trade and important political events, the society pays more and more attention to the test results of laboratories. As a means of objective evaluation of laboratory competence, laboratory accreditation is increasingly being accepted by the community. At the same time, laboratory accreditation provides an important approach to achieve ‘one testing, global recognition’.National Accreditation Center is the only accreditation body in our country. Owing to be driven by export trade, government, and laboratories to improve their own competence, the numbers of laboratories that seek to been accredited not only rapidly grow, but the type, field and geographical distribution of accredited laboratories are more complex. These will increase the risk of laboratory Accreditation. How to control the risk of laboratory accreditation? This will be the foundation of development of laboratory accreditation.In order to identify and control the risk factors of laboratory accreditation, the paper firstly analyses the number, geographical distribution and areas of laboratory accreditation in order to identify the current characteristics of laboratory accreditation. The paper analyses the change of number and field distribution of application laboratory. We forecast that the numbers of laboratory accreditation will recently maintain rapid growth. At the same time, new energy and new materials will be the key areas of growth of laboratory accreditation. Based on the analysis of development status, development trends and status of risk control of laboratory accreditation, we use the process approach to analyze. We divide the laboratory accreditation process into five interrelated sub-processes including acceptance, review, evaluation, assessment and follow-up surveillance. Through process analysis, we identified 28 items of risk factors. After the risk assessment, we will divide risk factors to five kinds. We determined that risk factors were mainly from the National Accreditation Center, laboratories and assessors. We determined the application process, assessment process and follow-up surveillance process were the key process of risk control.According to the main risk factors and key processes of risk control, we proposed to use the systems view to build the risk control system of National Accreditation Centre, and stressed the importance of full staff participation in the risk control. The risk control system of National Accreditation Centre should include: collection of risk information, identification of risk issues, communication of risk information, risk evaluation, control of risk factors, the effective control and supervision of risk control. In light of the characteristics of laboratory accreditation, we stress the importance of improving appraisal and incentives of staff. We should establish integrity monitoring system of laboratories and assessors in order to reduce the risk of laboratory accreditation.