21世纪以来，我国一直在进行适应社会发展的课程改革。目前，全国高考试点改革陆续开始实行，新高考政策下，取消文理分科，高考试题也有相应改变，同时，2017版新课标强调了数学学科六大核心素养的重要地位。

在此背景下，本文以2022年理科全国甲、乙卷和新高考Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷为研究对象，基于核心素养进行数学高考试题难度比较。笔者借助武小鹏的综合难度模型，选取六个核心素养为难度因素，利用层次分析法得到各因素权重，再用公式计算综合难度。本文采用文献分析法、内容分析法、专家访谈法，从核心素养水平和综合难度角度入手研究分析，还进一步比较了同类高考和新旧高考在核心素养考察难度方面的差异。

通过对试题的分析和统计，得出了以下结论：（1）数学运算在三个水平上都考察得最多，数学建模最少；（2）基于核心素养的综合难度排序为新高考Ⅰ卷>全国乙卷>新高考Ⅱ卷>全国甲卷；（3）全国乙卷的数学抽象和逻辑推理难度比全国甲卷高，新高考Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷的核心素养难度比重上几乎一致；（4）新高考相比旧高考，数学抽象和数据分析的考察难度增大。

据此，本文提出了对教师的建议：（1）注重核心素养的培养，尤其是继续注重数学运算核心素养的培养；（2）加强对数学抽象、数据分析核心素养的培养；（3）在教学过程中渗透数学建模核心素养。

Since the 21st century, China has been carrying out curriculum reform to adapt to social development. At present, the pilot reform of the national college entrance examination has been implemented one after another, and under the new college entrance examination policy, the separation of arts and science subjects has been abolished and the college entrance examination questions have been changed accordingly, meanwhile, the 2017 version of the new curriculum emphasizes the important status of the six core literacies in mathematics.

In this context, this paper takes the 2022 science national A and B papers and the new college entrance examination Ⅰ and Ⅱ papers as the research objects to compare the difficulty of the mathematics entrance examination questions based on the core literacies. With the help of Wu Xiaopeng's comprehensive difficulty model, the author selects six core literacies as difficulty factors, uses hierarchical analysis to get the weights of each factor, and then uses the formula to calculate the comprehensive difficulty. This paper uses literature analysis method, content analysis method and expert interview method to study and analyze the core literacy level and comprehensive difficulty perspective, and also further compares the differences between similar college entrance exams and old and new college entrance exams in terms of the difficulty of core literacy examination.

Through the analysis and statistics of the test questions, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) mathematical operations were examined the most at all three levels, and mathematical modeling was the least; (2) the comprehensive difficulty ranking based on core literacy was New College Entrance Examination Paper I > National Paper B > New College Entrance Examination Paper II > National Paper A; (3) the difficulty of mathematical abstraction and logical reasoning in National Paper B was higher than that in National Paper A. The weighting of core literacy difficulty in New College Entrance Examination Papers I and II (4) the difficulty of mathematical abstraction and data analysis increased in the new college entrance examination compared with the old college entrance examination.

Accordingly, this paper proposes recommendations for teachers: (1) focus on the cultivation of core literacy, especially continue to focus on the cultivation of core literacy of mathematical operations; (2) strengthen the cultivation of core literacy of mathematical abstraction and data analysis; (3) penetrate the core literacy of mathematical modeling in the teaching process.