父母在抚养孩子的过程中往往会遇到各种问题和挑战，当这些困难超过了父母的教养能力和所拥有的资源时，父母就会产生压力感受，即抚养压力。过度的抚养压力不仅影响家长的心理健康和教养行为，还会影响亲子关系以及儿童的发展。因此了解父母抚养压力产生的原因和机制有助于针对性地减轻父母的抚养压力，增强父母的教养效能。

本研究对幼儿园小班、中班和大班幼儿父母进行了连续三年的问卷测查，以T2时5010名测查幼儿（男孩2634人，小班、中班和大班分别1650人、1760人和1600人，平均月龄为55.26个月）的父母和412名追踪幼儿（男孩230人，小班时的平均月龄为42.19个月）的父母为被试，通过分析横断数据和追踪数据，从父母、儿童和家庭角度探究抚养压力的影响因素，分析不同因素对抚养压力及其发展的作用，探究多层面因素对抚养压力的作用机制。

本研究发现：

1. 父母抑郁和夫妻冲突能够显著正向预测同一时间点父母的抚养压力，儿童年龄、规律性气质和情绪性气质、家庭社会经济地位和夫妻亲密能够显著负向预测同一时间点父母的抚养压力。夫妻亲密能够显著预测父母下一年的抚养压力。

2. 父母抑郁会影响抚养压力下降的速率，具体表现为，抑郁越严重，抚养压力下降越慢。

3. 夫妻关系在父母抑郁和抚养压力的关系中起到部分中介作用，幼儿情绪性气质在父母抑郁和抚养压力的关系中起到调节作用。

4. 夫妻关系的中介效应和幼儿情绪性气质的调节效应对父母一年后的抚养压力不存在显著的预测作用。

Parents often encounter a variety of problems and challenges while raising their children. When these difficulties exceed their parenting abilities and all the resources they have, parents will have a feeling of pressure, which is parenting stress. Excessive parenting stress affects not only parents' mental health and parenting behavior, but also parent-child relationship and children's development. Therefore, it is very necessary to understand the causes and mechanisms of parenting stress, which is helpful to reduce the parenting stress and improve parenting self-efficacy.

In this study, parents of children in first, second and third grades in kindergartens were surveyed by questionnaires for three years. At T2, 5010 children’s parents (2634 boys, 1650 children in first grade, 1760 children in second grade and 1600 children in third grade, with an average age of 55.26 months) and 412 follow-up children’s parents (230 boys, with an average age of 42.19 months in first grade) were participants. Through the analysis of cross-sectional data and longitudinal data, the influencing factors of parenting stress were explored from the perspectives of parents, children and family. The present study explored the effects of different factors on parenting stress and its development, and the mechanism. The findings are as follows:

1. Parent’s depression and marital conflict could significantly positively predict parenting stress at the same time point. Children's age, rhythmicity and quality of emotional temperament, family socioeconomic status and marital intimacy could significantly negatively predict the parenting stress at the same time point. Marital intimacy significantly predicted parenting stress over the next year.

2. Parent’s depression affect the decreasing rate of parenting stress. Specifically, the more serious the depression is, the slower the parenting stress drops.

3. Marital relationship plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between parent’s depression and parenting stress, and children's quality of mood temperament can moderate the relationship between parent’s depression and parenting stress.

4. The mediation of marital relationship and the moderation of quality of mood temperament did not have a significant cross-temporal predictive effect on parenting stress after one year.