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中文题名:

 高中英语课堂教师话语研究    

姓名:

 冯楠    

保密级别:

 内部    

论文语种:

 chi    

学科代码:

 040102    

学科专业:

 课程与教学论    

学生类型:

 硕士    

学位:

 教育硕士    

学位年度:

 2008    

校区:

 北京校区培养    

研究方向:

 英语课堂教学    

第一导师姓名:

 毛大威    

第一导师单位:

 北京师范大学外文学院    

提交日期:

 2008-12-26    

答辩日期:

 2008-12-22    

外文题名:

 Research on Teacher Talk in Senior High School EFL Classroom    

中文摘要:

“教师话语”(teacher talk)是指课堂教学中教师用来讲授课文,组织教学的一切语言活动。教师话语是教学活动的重要组成部分,因此,在有教学之处必有教师话语。在第二语言课堂,语言既是学习的媒介又是学习的目的,教师话语的质量会直接影响到学生目的语言输出。正如Nunan (1991) 指出“教师话语对课堂教学的组织及学生的语言习得都是至为重要的,这不仅因为教学内容只有通过完美的教师话语的组织与传授才能达到理想的教学效果,而且它本身还起目的语(target language)的示范作用,是学生语言输入的又一重要途径。” Hakansson (1986) 也指出教师话语的数量和质量会影响甚至决定课堂教学的成败。因此,对教师话语的研究是外语课堂研究的重要方面。 本文运用个案研究方法对高中英语课堂教师话语的特点和教师在话语上采取的修饰调节策略进行了研究和论述。 其目的在于考察高级中学英语课堂中教师话语具有哪些特征,以及高中英语教师在语言上采取什么调节方式促进学生的理解。 同时,通过本研究使外语教师充分意识到教师话语在课堂教学中的重要性和复杂性,提高使用教师话语的敏感性,从而提高自己的教学水平。本文侧重于研究课堂交互过程中的教师话语,因此在研究教师话语特征时,重点考察了教师话语量,教师提问类型,教师反馈方式等这几个方面的特征; 研究教师的话语修饰策略时,重点考察了教师在提问和提供反馈时的交互调整策略。 论文共分对教师个案研究和对学生的问卷调查两个部分。 一方面,本文作者通过对四位教师课堂教学过程进行观察,录音等方式,对教师话语进行个案研究。并通过问卷调查了这四位教师所在班级的308名学生,试图从另一视角对课堂观察的结果提供佐证,该问卷是在周星,周韵(2002)所作调查问卷的基础上改编,一共包括十四个题项,大体反映了教师话语上述几个方面的特征。研究结果如下:(一) 教师话语量远远大于学生话语量,各占65%与21.1%,而且课堂交互主要是以教师为主导的交互形式。(二) 教师在课堂上使用的参考型问题多于展示型问题,它表明在高中英语课堂,教师努力为学生创造更多的机会来锻炼他们的语言能力,虽然不是所有的参考型问题都能得到学生的答案。(三) 在教师的反馈方式上,研究表明教师的反馈形式单一,较为常用的反馈方式是简单赞扬和直接纠错。(四) 教师在讲解时经常采用的调节策略是简化,阐述,举例和翻译,在提问中常使用重复,阐释,简化和提示;在积极反馈中教师常使用表扬,致谢,赞同,鼓励及重复等策略,在消极反馈中,教师会使用批评和诱导的方式;再有,为解决与学习者进行交流的交际困难而使用的三种交互调整方式中, 教师使用确认核实的频率最高,其次是理解核实,很少使用澄清请求。针对以上问题,作者提出了以下解决问题的方法:教师尽量减少‘教师话语’的数量,多给学生提供使用目的语言的机会;教师应多使用一些调节技巧来改变自己的讲解,提问和反馈方式,例如多提问参考型问题并增加积极的反馈,多使用澄清请求以促进师生间更多的双向交际等。在课堂英语教学中教师应学会灵活利用‘教师话语’的各种技巧,诱导学生参与到课堂交际中来,提高课堂学习效果,以促进学生的目的语输出。关键词: 教师话语 修饰策略 交际 反馈 参考型问题 展示型问题 摘要 “教师话语”(teacher talk)是指课堂教学中教师用来讲授课文,组织教学的一切语言活动。教师话语是教学活动的重要组成部分,因此,在有教学之处必有教师话语。在第二语言课堂,语言既是学习的媒介又是学习的目的,教师话语的质量会直接影响到学生目的语言输出。正如Nunan (1991) 指出“教师话语对课堂教学的组织及学生的语言习得都是至为重要的,这不仅因为教学内容只有通过完美的教师话语的组织与传授才能达到理想的教学效果,而且它本身还起目的语(target language)的示范作用,是学生语言输入的又一重要途径。” Hakansson (1986) 也指出教师话语的数量和质量会影响甚至决定课堂教学的成败。因此,对教师话语的研究是外语课堂研究的重要方面。 本文运用个案研究方法对高中英语课堂教师话语的特点和教师在话语上采取的修饰调节策略进行了研究和论述。 其目的在于考察高级中学英语课堂中教师话语具有哪些特征,以及高中英语教师在语言上采取什么调节方式促进学生的理解。 同时,通过本研究使外语教师充分意识到教师话语在课堂教学中的重要性和复杂性,提高使用教师话语的敏感性,从而提高自己的教学水平。本文侧重于研究课堂交互过程中的教师话语,因此在研究教师话语特征时,重点考察了教师话语量,教师提问类型,教师反馈方式等这几个方面的特征; 研究教师的话语修饰策略时,重点考察了教师在提问和提供反馈时的交互调整策略。 论文共分对教师个案研究和对学生的问卷调查两个部分。 一方面,本文作者通过对四位教师课堂教学过程进行观察,录音等方式,对教师话语进行个案研究。并通过问卷调查了这四位教师所在班级的308名学生,试图从另一视角对课堂观察的结果提供佐证,该问卷是在周星,周韵(2002)所作调查问卷的基础上改编,一共包括十四个题项,大体反映了教师话语上述几个方面的特征。研究结果如下:(一) 教师话语量远远大于学生话语量,各占65%与21.1%,而且课堂交互主要是以教师为主导的交互形式。(二) 教师在课堂上使用的参考型问题多于展示型问题,它表明在高中英语课堂,教师努力为学生创造更多的机会来锻炼他们的语言能力,虽然不是所有的参考型问题都能得到学生的答案。(三) 在教师的反馈方式上,研究表明教师的反馈形式单一,较为常用的反馈方式是简单赞扬和直接纠错。(四) 教师在讲解时经常采用的调节策略是简化,阐述,举例和翻译,在提问中常使用重复,阐释,简化和提示;在积极反馈中教师常使用表扬,致谢,赞同,鼓励及重复等策略,在消极反馈中,教师会使用批评和诱导的方式;再有,为解决与学习者进行交流的交际困难而使用的三种交互调整方式中, 教师使用确认核实的频率最高,其次是理解核实,很少使用澄清请求。针对以上问题,作者提出了以下解决问题的方法:教师尽量减少‘教师话语’的数量,多给学生提供使用目的语言的机会;教师应多使用一些调节技巧来改变自己的讲解,提问和反馈方式,例如多提问参考型问题并增加积极的反馈,多使用澄清请求以促进师生间更多的双向交际等。在课堂英语教学中教师应学会灵活利用‘教师话语’的各种技巧,诱导学生参与到课堂交际中来,提高课堂学习效果,以促进学生的目的语输出。关键词: 教师话语 修饰策略 交际 反馈 参考型问题 展示型问题

外文摘要:

Teacher talk (TT) simply refers to the language used by the teachers in the classroom setting. It is a very important component of teaching activities. Once there is teaching, there is teacher talk. In the second language classroom, the language is the medium of learning and the target of learning, so the quality of teacher talk will directly influence the students’ target language output. As Nunan contends “teacher talk is of crucial importance, not only for the organization and but also for the processes of L2 acquisition. It is important for the organization and the management of the classroom because it is through speech that teachers either succeed or fail to implement their teaching plans. In terms of acquisition, teacher talk is important because it is probably the major source of comprehensible target language input the learner is likely to receive” (Nunan 1991). Hakansson (1986) also points out that the amount and quality of teacher talk has a great effect on and is even a decisive factor of the source or failure of classroom teaching. Therefore, study on teacher talk comes to be one of the most important aspects of EFL classroom research.The study intends to research the characteristics of TT and the modification strategies adopted by teachers in their TT in senior high school English teaching classroom. It aims to investigate the characteristics of teacher talk in high school English classroom, and the modification strategies the teachers adopt mostly in their TT. At the same time, it also aims to raise language teachers’ awareness of the importance and complexities of TT in classroom language teaching, to help them develop sensitivity towards the language they use in the classroom for improving their teaching.This study draws more attention to the classroom interaction processes, so when researching the characteristics of TT, it mainly investigates TT’s interactional characteristics from three aspects: the amount of TT, the types of teachers’ questions and teachers’ ways of feedback. As to the modification strategies, this study mainly investigates the interactional modifications of TT in questioning and providing feedback.This study involves a case study of four teachers and an investigation among students. On one hand, this thesis conducts a case study of four teachers through classroom observation, recording and transcription, on the other hand, the study investigates 308 students taught by the four teachers through a questionaire. The results of questionaire try to give subsidiary evidence to the results of classroom observation from another perspective. The questionaire is adopted on Zhou & Zhou’s (2002) questionaire and includes 14 items. These items mainly reflect the characteristics of TT discussed above. The results are as follows: 1) The amount of teacher talk time (65%) is far more than that of student talk (21.1%) and the classroom interaction pattern is still a teacher-diected one.2) The teachers ask more referential questions than display questions. It indicates in senior high school EFL classroom, teachers are trying to provide more opportunities for students to practice their language competence although not all their referential questoins can get answers from their students. 3) As to the ways of teachers’ feedback, the study demonstrates that subject teachers often use simple praises and explicit error correction.4) In terms of the modification strategies adopted by teachers in their TT, simplification, elaboration, exemplification and translation are frequently used in questioning; as to the strategies in teachers’ feedback, simple praise, thanks, agreement, encouragement, repetition and some gestures are often used as positive feedback techniques, while criticizing and elicitation are found to be used as negative feedback techniques. Moreover, the study indicates a significant use of confirmation checks. Confirmation checks are used most significantly, followed by comprehension checks, while clarification requests are the least frequently used in the investigation. Repetition and recast are also found to be two important interaction moves in teachers’ feedback.Finally, some implications have been worked out for practical classroom teaching. Teachers should provide more opportunities for students to practice their language competence by reducing teacher’s talking time; teachers should change their ways of explaining, questioning and feedback by adopting some modification strategies, such as, raising more referential questions, providing positive feedbacks, increasing clarification requests, etc.In brief, language teachers should utilize various kinds of techniques of TT to generate the interaction in the classroom, and consequently it will promote students’ target language output,KEY WORDS: teacher talk, modification strategies, interaction, feedback, referential question, display question

参考文献总数:

 104    

作者简介:

 有论文五篇发表在国家级刊物上, 省级科研课题四份(合作),市级科研课题一份。    

馆藏号:

 硕040102/08221    

开放日期:

 2008-12-26    

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