研究目的：太极拳、八段锦练习是我国传统养生方式，静态平衡能力和动态动作评估有助于揭示动作机制，确定在动作转换中如何协调不同肌肉用力。然而，关于太极拳、八段锦对青年人平衡能力影响的研究较少，基于对以往研究的回顾与不足分析，本研究包括三个部分。研究一：太极拳与八段锦练习对人体平衡能力的干预研究，从整体本体感觉、前庭觉、踝关节位置觉、踝关节力矩、做功及功率方面，为初学者在练习太极拳、八段锦过程中改善平衡能力提供参考依据；研究二：基于人体仿真的太极拳、八段锦典型动作特征，通过分析二十四式太极拳典型动作（野马分鬃、白鹤亮翅、搂膝拗步、倒卷肱、揽雀尾、单鞭、闪通臂、如封似闭）和八段锦典型动作（两手托天理三焦、左右开弓似射雕、调理脾胃须单举、五劳七伤往后瞧、摇头摆尾去心火、攒拳怒目增气力、背后七颠百病消）的下肢运动学、动力学和肌肉用力特点，揭示太极拳及八段锦练习对人体平衡能力的影响因素；研究三：太极拳、八段锦、行走步态下肢生物力学特征差异研究，通过分析太极拳弓步、八段锦马步、行走步态的动作特征，包括下肢运动学参数、动力学参数、肌肉力参数和骨骼应力参数，探究不同步型练习对人体平衡能力的影响因素，为太极拳、八段锦的练习提供数据支持和理论依据。

研究方法：将实验对象分为太极拳专业组（n=20）、初学组（n=20）和八段锦专业组（n=20）、初学组（n=20）。研究一：干预太极拳初学组、八段锦初学组14周，每周2次，每次45min，测试太极拳初学组、八段锦初学组14周前后及专业组的平衡指标，以Biodex平衡测试系统对受试者进行姿势稳定度测试（PST）、睁眼单脚站立测试（ASL）、感官综合测试（CTSIB）、稳定极限测试（LOS），以Biodex等速肌力系统测试受试者的踝关节本体感觉、踝关节跖屈/背屈肌肉力量、做功、功率；研究二：以BTS红外高速动作捕捉系统、Kistler三维测力台、VIXTA视频采集器、Tekscan足底压力分布测试系统定量评估两种练习方式的专业组及初学组典型动作支撑期参数，以AnyBody仿真软件计算关节角度、角速度、净关节力、力矩、肌肉力，并将肌肉力与积分肌电值进行相关性验证；研究三：对比太极拳专业组弓步支撑期、八段锦专业组马步支撑期、初学组行走步态支撑期的运动生物力学参数，扫描采集参加弓步测试、马步测试、行走步态测试受试者的膝关节CT数据，用Geomagic Studio 2012处理胫骨模型，对骨骼肌模型的右侧胫骨进行镜像替换，将AnyBody导出的膝关节净力添加至Ansys 19.2，对材料赋值、设定边界条件与添加载荷后，分析弓步、马步、直立步的等效应力。结果运用SPSS 26.0统计处理，以配对样本T检验法比较太极拳初学组、八段锦初学组干预前后平衡测试差异，以独立样本T检验法比较初学组后测和专业组的平衡指标差异；以独立样本T检验法比较初学组和专业组的动作特征指标差异；以单因素方差分析法比较弓步、马步、行走步态的生物力学特征。

研究结果：（1）14周干预后，太极拳初学组姿势稳定度测试的综合稳定指数、侧向稳定指数明显降低（P＜0.05），稳定极限测试的向后、向左、向右、左前、右前、右后平衡得分明显提高（P＜0.05），感官综合测试的睁眼硬垫稳定指数、闭眼软垫稳定指数明显降低（P＜0.05）；八段锦初学组姿势稳定度测试的综合稳定指数、前后稳定指数明显降低（P＜0.01），稳定极限测试的向前、向后、左前、右前平衡得分明显提高（P＜0.01），感官综合测试的睁眼硬垫稳定指数明显降低（P＜0.05）。与太极拳干预相比，八段锦明显降低初学组前后稳定指数（P＜0.05），明显提高向前平衡得分（P＜0.01）；与八段锦干预相比，太极拳明显提高初学组向左、向右平衡得分（P＜0.05）。

（2）14周干预后，太极拳初学组踝关节15°、30°、45°时的主动位置觉明显提高（P＜0.05），45°时的被动位置觉明显提高（P＜0.01），60°/s、120°/s背屈相对力矩与60°/s跖屈力矩明显提高（P＜0.01），60°/s、120°/s的跖屈总功与功率明显提高（P＜0.05）；八段锦初学组踝关节30°、45°时的主动位置觉明显提高（P＜0.05），60°/s跖屈相对力矩明显提高（P＜0.01），120°/s的跖屈总功与功率明显提高（P＜0.05）。与八段锦干预相比，太极拳明显提高初学者踝关节15°主动位置觉（P＜0.05）和45°被动位置觉（P＜0.01），明显提高60°/s背屈力矩（P＜0.01）和120°/s背屈力矩（P＜0.05）。

（3）运动学特征：与太极拳专业组相比，初学组白鹤亮翅、倒卷肱、闪通臂的膝关节屈曲角度明显较小（P＜0.01），单鞭的髋关节外展角度明显较小（P＜0.05），如封似闭的髋关节屈曲角度明显较小（P＜0.01），野马分鬃踝关节跖屈角度明显较小（P＜0.01），髋关节外展角速度明显较大（P＜0.01），揽雀尾的髋关节屈曲角速度明显较大（P＜0.05）；与八段锦专业组相比，初学组第二式、第四式、第五式髋关节外展角度明显较小（P＜0.01），第五式膝关节屈曲角度明显较小（P＜0.01），第七式踝关节跖屈角度明显较小（P＜0.01），第三式和第八式踝关节跖屈角速度明显较大（P＜0.01）。动力学特征：与太极拳专业组相比，初学组搂膝拗步、倒卷肱、揽雀尾、如封似闭髋关节屈曲力矩明显较小（P＜0.05），搂膝拗步、倒卷肱、闪通臂、如封似闭膝关节屈曲力矩明显较小（P＜0.05），野马分鬃髋关节外展力矩明显较小（P＜0.05），倒卷肱踝关节跖屈力矩明显较小（P＜0.05）；与八段锦专业组相比，初学组第二式和第四式的髋关节外展力矩明显较小（P＜0.05），第八式的踝关节跖屈力矩明显较小（P＜0.05）。

（4）肌肉力特征：太极拳专业组与初学组的野马分鬃、搂膝拗步、单鞭、闪通臂、如封似闭的主要用力肌肉为小腿屈肌与大腿伸肌，白鹤亮翅、倒卷肱、揽雀尾的主要用力肌肉为小腿屈肌与踝关节跖屈肌；八段锦专业组与初学组的第一式、第二式、第五式的主要用力肌肉为小腿屈肌与大腿伸肌，第三式的主要用力肌肉为大腿伸肌与踝关节背屈肌，第四式的主要用力肌肉为大腿伸肌与踝关节跖屈肌，第七式的主要用力肌肉为小腿屈肌、踝关节跖屈、背屈肌，第八式的主要用力肌肉为大腿伸肌与小腿伸肌。足底压力特征：弓步定势动作支撑腿的足底压力主要分布在中足和跖骨，虚步定势动作支撑腿的足底压力主要分布在跖骨及脚趾，马步定势动作足底压力主要分布在中足。

（5）与行走步态相比，太极拳专业组的弓步髋关节屈曲角度、膝关节屈曲角度明显较大（P＜0.01），髋关节外展力矩、髋关节旋转力矩、踝关节跖屈力矩明显较大（P＜0.01）；八段锦专业组的马步髋关节外展角度、髋关节屈曲角度、膝关节屈曲角度明显较大（P＜0.01）。与弓步相比，马步最小应力峰值和应力均值明显较大（P＜0.01），x轴位移明显较大（P＜0.01），z轴位移明显较小（P＜0.01）。

研究结论：（1）长期太极拳与八段锦练习可不同程度改善初学者在左右方向及前后方向的姿势稳定度，提高平衡练习效果。太极拳通过提高综合稳定度及左右方向的稳定度、改善前庭觉、提高单腿站立稳定性来强化平衡能力；八段锦通过提高前后方向的稳定度来强化平衡能力。

（2）太极拳有许多踝关节跖屈的姿势，单腿支撑时踝关节负荷较高，长期练习可提高主动位置觉、被动位置觉、跖屈/背屈力矩、跖屈总功与功率；八段锦多为双腿支撑的对称性动作，长期练习可提高踝关节主动位置觉、跖屈力矩、总功与功率。

（3）不同形式的动作练习可不同程度改善人体的关节活动范围、力矩、肌力，动作阶段和练习水平是影响运动表现的主要因素，动作阶段多表现出运动学特征的差异，不规范的关节角度是导致初学者动作错误的常见原因，不同练习水平组多表现出肌力特征的差异，初学者的大腿深层肌肉力量和小腿浅层肌肉力量比专业组小，蹲起动作和提踵颠足动作可提高小腿深层肌肉力量。

（4）太极拳练习多以踝关节策略调控姿势稳定，主要围绕矢状轴运动，在提高踝关节跖屈力矩方面具有积极作用，关节角速度变化越快，力矩变化越小，因此适当慢速有利于使力矩达到峰值；八段锦练习多以髋关节策略控制姿势稳定，主要围绕额状轴运动，在提高屈膝、伸髋、外旋、外展力矩方面具有积极作用。

（5）动作姿势差异是肌肉募集方式差异的主要原因，太极拳、八段锦动作的同块肌肉激活程度不同，小腿积分肌电值与肌肉力值显著正相关。膝关节可控制外部方向以维持稳定，胫骨外侧和前侧肌肉控制膝关节伸展，弓步练习有利于提高大腿前侧深层肌肉力量，马步练习有利于提高髋关节内侧深层肌肉力量和小腿后侧浅层肌肉力量，行走练习有利于提高小腿前侧浅层肌肉力量和踝关节背屈肌肉力量。

Objective: Tai Chi and Baduanjin practices are traditional health preservation ways in China, the assessment of static balance ability and dynamic action can help reveal the mechanism of movement, determine how to coordinate the different muscle exert force during the movement transition. However, there are few studies on the influence of Tai Chi and Baduanjin on young people balance ability, based on the review and insufficient analysis of previous studies, this study includes three parts. Study 1: Intervention study on the human balance ability of Tai Chi and Baduanjin practice, overall proprioception, vestibular perception, ankle position perception, ankle joint torque, work and power were studied to provide a reference for beginners in improving balance ability on the process of practicing Tai Chi and Baduanjin; Study 2: Typical action characteristics of Tai Chi and Baduanjin based on human simulation, the influence factors of Tai Chi and Baduanjin on human balance ability were revealed by analyzing the characteristics of lower limb kinematics, dynamics and muscle strength of 24-form of Tai Chi typical movements (parting the wild horse’s mane, white crane spreading wings, brushing knee and twisting step, repulse monkey, grasping the bird’s tail, single whip, flashing the arm and apparent close up) and Baduanjin typical movements (propping up the sky by two hands improve tri-jiao, drawing a bow on both sides like shooting a vulture, raising single arm up to regulate spleen, looking back to treat five strains seven impairments, shaking head and swing tail to remove firelight, clenching fist and glaring to increase strength, rising and falling on tiptoe seven times); Study 3: Difference study on lower limb biomechanical characteristics in Tai Chi, Baduanjin and walking gait, by analyzing the action characteristics of Tai Chi lunge step, Baduanjin horse step and walking gait, including lower limb kinematic parameters, kinetic parameters, muscle strength parameters and skeletal stress parameters, to explore the influence factors of different step practices on the human balance ability, and provide data support and theoretical basis for the practice of Tai Chi and Baduanjin.

Methods: Experimental subjects were divided into Tai Chi professional group (n=20) and beginner group (n=20), Baduanjin professional group (n=20) and beginner group (n=20). Study 1: Tai Chi beginner group and Baduanjin beginner group were intervented for 14 weeks, twice a week, 45 min each time, the balance indexes of Tai Chi beginner group, Baduanjin beginner group before and after 14 weeks and the professional group were tested, Postural Stability Test (PST), Athlete single leg with eyes open (ASL), Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIB), Limitation of stability (LOS) were tested with Biodex Balance System, ankle proprioception, ankle plantar flexion/dorsiflexion muscle strength, work and power was tested with Biodex isokinetic dynamometer system; Study 2: BTS infrared high speed motion capture system, Kistler three-dimensional force platform, VIXTA video acquisition system and Tekscan plantar pressure distribution test system were used to quantitatively evaluate the typical action support period parameters of the professional group and the beginner group in two practice methods, AnyBody simulation software was used to evaluate joint angle, angular velocity, net joint force, torque and muscle strength, the correlation between muscle strength and integrated electromyography value was verified; Study 3: Sports biomechanics parameters of the lunge step support period of Tai Chi professional group, horse step support period of Baduanjin professional group and walking gait support period of the beginner group were compared, scanning and collecting knee CT data from the subjects of lunge step test, horse step test and walking gait test, the tibia model was treated with Geomagic Studio 2012, the right tibia of the musculoskeletal model was replaced by mirror image, adding the net force of the knee joint derived from AnyBody to Ansys 19.2, after assigning values to materials, setting boundary conditions and adding loads, the equivalent stresses of lunge step, horse step and upright step were analyzed. Results were processed using SPSS 26.0 statistics, paired sample T test was used to compare the difference of balance test between Tai Chi beginner group and Baduanjin beginner group before and after intervention, independent sample T test was used to compare the balance index difference between the beginner group post-test and the professional group; independent sample T test was used to compare the movement characteristic difference between the beginner group and the professional group; one-way ANOVA was used to compare the biomechanical features of lunge step, horse step and walking gait.

Results: (1) After 14 weeks of intervention, in Tai Chi beginner group, the overall stability index and medial-lateral stability index of PST were significantly decreased (P<0.05), the balance scores of backward, left, right, left-forward, right-forward and right-backward of LOS were significantly improved (P<0.05), the firm surface with eyes open index and foam surface with eyes closed index of CTSIB were significantly decreased (P<0.05); In Baduanjin beginner group, the overall stability index and anterior-posterior stability index of PST were significantly decreased (P<0.01), the balance scores of forward, backward, left-forward, right-forward of LOS were significantly improved (P<0.01), the firm surface with eyes open index of CTSIB was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the Tai Chi intervention, Baduanjin significantly reduced the anterior-posterior stability index (P<0.05) and significantly improved the forward balance score of beginner group (P<0.01); Compared with the Baduanjin intervention, Tai Chi significantly improved the left and right balance score of beginner group (P<0.05).

(2) After 14 weeks of intervention, in Tai Chi beginner group, the active position perception at 15°, 30° and 45° of ankle joint were significantly improved (P<0.05), the passive position perception at 45° was significantly improved (P<0.01), the relative dorsiflexion torques at 60°/s, 120°/s and plantar flexion torque at 60°/s were significantly improved (P<0.01), the total work and power of plantar flexion at 60°/s and 120°/s were significantly improved (P<0.05); In Baduanjin beginner group, the active position perception of ankle joint at 30° and 45° were significantly improved (P<0.05), the relative plantar flexion torque at 60°/s was significantly improved (P<0.01), and the total work and power of plantar flexion at 120°/s were significantly improved (P<0.05). Compared with the Baduanjin intervention, Tai Chi significantly improved active position perception at 15° (P<0.05) and passive position perception at 45° of the ankle (P<0.01), significantly improved the dorsiflexion torque at 60°/s (P<0.01) and dorsiflexion torque at 120°/s (P<0.05).

(3) Kinematic characteristics: Compared with the Tai Chi professional group, the knee flexion angle of white crane spreading wings, repulse monkey, flashing the arm in the beginner group were significantly smaller (P<0.01), the hip abduction angle of single whip was significantly smaller (P<0.05), the hip flexion angle of apparent close up was significantly smaller (P<0.01), the ankle plantar flexion angle of parting the wild horse’s mane was significantly smaller (P<0.01), the hip abduction angular velocity was significantly higher (P<0.01), and the hip flexion angular velocity of grasping the bird’s tail was significantly higher (P<0.05); Compared with the Baduanjin professional group, the hip abduction angles of the second type, the fourth type and the fifth type in beginner group were significantly smaller (P<0.01), the knee flexion angle of the fifth type was significantly smaller (P<0.01), the ankle plantar flexion angle of the seventh type was significantly smaller (P<0.01), the ankle plantar flexion angular velocity of the third type and the eighth type were significantly higher (P<0.01). Dynamic characteristics: Compared with the Tai Chi professional group, the hip flexion torque of brushing knee and twisting step, repulse monkey, grasping the bird’s tail, apparent close up in the beginner group were significantly smaller (P<0.05), the knee flexion torque of brushing knee and twisting step, repulse monkey, flashing the arm, apparent close up were significantly smaller (P<0.05), the hip abduction torque of parting the wild horse’s mane was significantly smaller (P<0.05), the ankle plantar flexion torque of repulse monkey was significantly smaller (P<0.05); Compared with the Baduanjin professional group, the hip abduction torque of the second type and the fourth type were significantly smaller (P<0.05), the ankle plantar flexion torque of the eighth type was significantly smaller (P<0.05).

(4) Muscle strength characteristics: In professional group and beginner group of Tai Chi, the dominant force muscles of the lower limbs in parting the wild horse’s mane, brushing knee and twisting step, single whip, flashing the arm and apparent close up were calf flexor muscles and thigh extensor muscles, the dominant force muscles of white crane spreading wings, repulse monkey and grasping the bird’s tail were calf flexor muscles and ankle plantar flexor muscles; In professional group and beginner group of Baduanjin, the dominant force muscles of the first type, the second type and the fifth type were calf flexor muscles and thigh extensor muscles, the dominant force muscles of the third type were thigh extensor muscles and ankle dorsiflexor muscles, the dominant force muscle of the fourth type were thigh extensor muscles and ankle plantar flexor muscles, the dominant force muscle of the seventh type were calf flexor muscles, ankle plantar flexor muscles and dorsiflexor muscles, the dominant force muscles of the eighth type were thigh extensor muscles and calf extensor muscles. Plantar pressure characteristics: The plantar pressure of the supporting leg in lunge step set movement were mainly distributed in the middle foot and metatarsal bones, the plantar pressure of the supporting leg in empty step set movement were mainly distributed in the metatarsal bones and toes, the plantar pressure in horse step was mainly distributed in the middle foot.

(5) Compared with the walking gait, in lunge step of Tai Chi professional group, the hip flexion angle and knee flexion angle were significantly larger (P<0.01), the hip abduction torque, hip rotation torque and ankle plantar flexion torque were significantly larger (P<0.01); in horse step of Baduanjin professional group, the hip abduction angle, hip flexion angle and knee flexion angle were significantly larger (P<0.01). Compared with the lunge step, the minimum stress peak value and mean stress value of horse step were significantly larger (P<0.01), and the x-axis displacements were significantly larger (P<0.01), the z-axis displacement was significantly smaller (P<0.01).

Conclusions: (1) Long-term Tai Chi and Baduanjin exercises can improve the medial-lateral stability and anterior-posterior stability of beginniers to different degrees, which improved the balance exercise effect. Tai Chi strengthens the balance ability by improving the overall stability and medial-lateral stability, vestibular perception and single leg standing stability; Baduanjin strengthens the balance ability by improving the anterior-posterior stability.

(2) There are many ankle plantar flexion postures of Tai Chi, ankle load is high with single leg support, long-term practice can improve active position perception, passive position perception, plantar/dorsiflexion torque, total work and power of plantar flexion; Baduanjin is mainly the symmetrical movement supported with both legs, long-term practice can improve ankle active position perception, plantar flexion torque, total work and power.

(3) Different forms of action exercise can improve the joint motion range, torque and muscle strength of human body in different degrees, the action stage and practice level are the main factors that affect sports performance, action stage showing differences in kinematic characteristics, the nonstandard joint angles are common causes of action errors in beginners, and different practice level groups showing differences in muscle strength characteristics, the strength of deep thigh muscle and shallow calf muscle of beginners were smaller than that of the professional group, squatting, rising and falling on tiptoe can improve the strength of deep calf muscle.

(4) Tai Chi exercise mainly regulates postural stability with ankle joint strategy, it mainly moving around the sagittal axis, which plays a positive role in improving the ankle plantar flexion torque, the faster the joint angular velocity changes, the smaller the torque changes, therefore, an appropriate slow speed is conducive to reaching the peak torque; Baduanjin exercise regulates postural stability with the hip joint strategy, it moving around the frontal axis, which plays a positive role in improving the knees flexion, hip extension, external rotation and abduction torque.

(5) Differences in action posture are the main reason for the differences in muscle recruitment mode, the activation degree of the same muscle in Tai Chi and Baduanjin is different, and there is a significantly positive correlation between integrated electromyography value and muscle strength value of shank. Knee joint can control the external direction to maintain stability, lateral muscles and anterior muscles of tibia control knee extension, lunge step exercise is conducive to improve the deep anterior thigh muscle strength, horse step exercise is conducive to improve the deep medial hip muscle strength and shallow posterior calf muscle strength, walking step exercise is conducive to improve the shallow anterior calf muscle strength and ankle dorsal flexion muscle strength.