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中文题名:

 汉语旁格宾语结构新探    

姓名:

 徐欣路    

学科代码:

 050103    

学科专业:

 汉语言文字学    

学生类型:

 博士    

学位:

 文学博士    

学位年度:

 2013    

校区:

 北京校区培养    

学院:

 文学院    

研究方向:

 汉语历史语法    

第一导师姓名:

 刘利    

第一导师单位:

 北京师范大学文学院    

提交日期:

 2013-06-15    

答辩日期:

 2013-05-31    

中文摘要:
旁格宾语结构指的是旁格成分实现为宾语的结构。从人类语言的普遍语法事实来看,论元和附接语的对立并不等同于核心语和旁语的对立,其中主要的一个问题是旁语(旁格成分)有时候也可以被认为是论元。在汉语中,当旁格论元不用介词引介而直接充当动词的宾语时,就形成了旁格宾语结构。虽然“旁格宾语结构”是个相对较新的提法,但汉语语法学界对旁格宾语问题的研究实际上早已成为热点,其中最主要的成果就是对上古汉语和现代汉语宾语语义角色的划分,这也可以说是汉语旁格宾语研究的一个传统领域。今后这方面的研究有几个问题应该要明确,其中包括:翻译或改写不可作为最终的依据;不存在表事件发生之处所的处所宾语;存在较多处所宾语结构的隐喻形式;受事角色与旁格角色之间存在过渡地带;各种宾语语义角色应该优化分合。以往的旁格宾语结构研究全部都局限在二元结构领域,而且汉语历史语法对解释现代汉语旁格宾语现象尚未作出足够的贡献,但实际上上古汉语的语言事实对解答这个疑难而言是极富启发性的,并且这种启发性又相对集中地体现在了上古汉语的双及物结构这种三元结构身上。当代语言类型学的研究成果表明,人类语言在表达双及物结构时,对于客体T和接受者R这两个受动论元,往往会把其中一个处理成受事,而把另一个处理成旁格成分。有的语言把T处理成受事,而把R处理成旁格成分,那么T就称为直接宾语,R就称为间接宾语,整个结构就是“直接-间接宾语式”;有的语言把R处理成受事,而把T处理成旁格成分,那么R就称为主要宾语,T就称为次要宾语,整个结构就是“主要-次要宾语式”。在历史语法学悖论的干扰下,上古汉语双及物结构的界定长期套用现代汉语传统的“双宾语结构”判定标准,致使一些本应纳入双及物结构的句法格式被排除在外。事实上,“双及物”是一个句法-语义范畴,在充分重视语义的情况下,上古汉语双及物结构应该重新定义为三元旁格论元结构。新定义下的上古汉语双及物结构包纳了一系列的句法格式,其中有一个主要的类是“以”字句相关格式,包括“以+T+V+R”、“V+R+以+T”、“V+以+T”、“V+R+T”、“V+T(次要宾语型)”、“V+R(主要宾语型)”等六种。它们相互之间具有变换和省略的关系,共同构成了一个聚合性构式。由于宾语T可以由介词“以”引介,因而这个聚合性构式可以认为是上古汉语双及物结构的主要-次要宾语式。以其中的介词“以”为线索,参考工具式的语义,可以发现上古汉语双及物式的精准语义并非简单的“施事成功地使接受者获得了客体”,而是“施事拿客体(T)去让接受者(R)怎么样”。据此,可以为上古汉语双及物结构的语义提出一个语义范畴——“呈用”。主要-次要宾语式是呈用范畴的典型表达式,它的母体结构是工具式。除此之外,上古汉语还有一类呈用范畴的非典型表达式。这类表达式以致使-移动构式为其母体结构,也形成了一个聚合性构式,包括了“V+T+于+R”、“V+于+R”、“V+T+R”、“V+T(直接宾语型)”、“V+R(间接宾语型)”五种句法格式。由于宾语R可以由介词“于”引介,因而这个聚合性构式可以认为是上古汉语双及物结构的直接-间接宾语式。以呈用范畴为语义标准,可以发现上古汉语除了狭义给予类、言语类、展示类等典型双及物结构可表达呈用范畴外,还有一些结构也可以表达出呈用范畴的语义,它们可以看作是由典型双及物结构扩展而来的准双及物结构,包括陈置义准双及物结构、受益接受者准双及物结构、材料客体准双及物结构、抛投义准双及物结构、工具客体准双及物结构等五种。其中的受益接受者准双及物结构实际上就是上古汉语语法学界讨论已久的“V+之+N”结构。上古汉语是一种十分典型的具有分裂宾格现象的语言,以呈用范畴为线索,对上古汉语两种类型双及物结构的语义差别进行分析,可以为分裂宾格现象的解释提出可供参考的语义基础。从格的角度看,上古汉语主要-次要宾语式中的次要宾语T可以认为是一种“呈用格”形式。而现代汉语二元旁格宾语结构的研究遇到的首先是判定标准的问题。为了解决这个问题,可以设立一个仅有典型受事实现为宾语,其他一般受动性论元均实现为旁语的及物性实现方式理想模型,并研究其重构状况。由此可得知,二元旁格宾语结构应该研究宾语是一般受动性论元且该论元亦能实现为旁语的情形,只不过在狭义上说只限于其中重构欠成熟、论元以实现为旁语为常规的情形,而在广义上说亦可包括重构较成熟、论元以实现为宾语为常规的情形。在狭义旁格宾语结构中,有一类是通过独立性重构产生的,这就是支持物类旁格宾语结构,其包含的宾语角色有工具、模式、材料、着意点、处所1、时间等。另外一类则是通过扩展性重构产生的,其中受益者、刺激原角色的狭义旁格宾语结构可看成是基础对象宾语结构的扩展,目的角色的狭义旁格宾语结构可看成是基础目的宾语结构的扩展,各种处所2角色的狭义旁格宾语结构可看成是基础处所宾语结构的扩展。现代汉语二元旁格宾语结构的形成机制可从表层和底层两个层面来观察,其中表层机制指的是依据现代汉语共时平面的线索观察到的机制,而底层机制指的是依据上古汉语的线索观察到的机制。在表层形成机制方面,以旁格宾语事物N对行为动作V的参与是否可以体现施事的意志为关键标准,可以发现各种角色的旁格宾语均具有受事性;以行为动作V是否使施事对旁格参与者N的选择一般只能限定在某一类中为标准,可以发现各种支持物角色的旁格宾语均具有类限性。受事性赋予了旁格成分发生宾语化的可能,而类限性则是支持物类旁格成分发生宾语化的重要条件。二元旁格宾语结构“V+N”表达的显著行为换一个不显著的视角来看,看到的就是旁格成分直接充当受事的行为“V’+N”。对于N具有类限性的支持物类旁格宾语结构而言,V同V’之间存在着本质上的相关性,因而V可以转喻V’,直接带上N构成旁格宾语结构“V+N”。而对于N不具有类限性的其他旁格宾语结构而言,情况则比较复杂,目前在表层机制方面能提出的一些规则主要是原则性的。在底层形成机制方面,现代汉语的支持物类旁格宾语结构在底层都可以看成是上古汉语三元旁格论元结构(亦即双及物结构)的省略式“V+T”。但上古汉语两种类型的双及物结构都能省略得到“V+T”结构,因而此结构事实上是一种同形异构体——当其由主要-次要宾语式省略而来时,宾语T是呈用格的,其表述功能是饰动性的;当其由直接-间接宾语式省略而来时,宾语T是宾格的,其表述功能是施动性的。“V+T”具有的这种格歧义是兼容性的,而非择从性的。这就很好地解决了现代汉语语法学界工具宾语结构、材料宾语结构的存废之争。此外,由于工具语在语序的历史演变中逐渐地离开了句尾自然焦点的位置,因而要将工具等角色置于自然焦点的话也只能将其实现为宾语,这种语用压力可以解释现代汉语支持物类旁格宾语结构的活跃性。现代汉语受益者宾语结构在底层则可以看成是上古汉语受益接受者准双及物结构省略T得来的“V+R”结构,它同样具有格歧义。刺激原、目的宾语结构则都可以看成是由上古汉语处所补语结构的隐喻形式发生重新分析而得来的。旁格宾语结构作为具有汉语特色的语法形式理应得到重视,今后在跨语言比较研究中,汉语旁格宾语结构的形成机制必将进一步得到明确。
外文摘要:
The oblique object construction is a kind of construction in which the oblique constituent is realized as the object. According to the common fact of human language, the contrast between arguments and adjunts is not the same as the one between cores and obliques, in which the main problem is that some times the obliques can also be considered as arguments. In Chinese, oblique arguments can be realized as two grammatical relations, one is the object of preposition, the other is object of verb. Although the oblique object construction is a relatively new term, it has been a burning issue for a long time. The study of semantic roles in ancient and contemporary Chinese can be considered as a traditional research of this issue. There are some problems that need to be made clear in future, that is, translation cannot be the key evidence; locative objects that mean the place where the events happen are nonexistent; there exist many metaphorical forms of locative object constructions; there is a transition from patient and oblique roles; the semantic roles need to be devided and merged properly.The studies into Chinese oblique object constructions are hitherto constrained in the area of two arguments constructions, and the Chinese historical syntax has not made any contribution in the explanation of the phenomenon of oblique objects. However in fact, the ditransitive constructions in ancient Chinese are enlightening to solve this problem. The ditransitive constructions in ancient Chinese should be redefined as oblique three arguments constructions, which have strong connections with instrumental constructions and caused-motion constructions. Be affected by the instrumental constructions, what the ditransitive constructions express is a semantic category named ‘presenting-using’. As the syntactic expression of presenting-using category, ditransitive constructions have two types, that is, primary object – secondary object constructions and direct object – indirect object constructions. The typical kinds of ditransitive constructions in ancient Chinese embody ‘give’ type, ‘tell’ type and ‘show’ type. However, according to the presenting-using category, there are other five kinds of quasi-ditransitive constructions, that is, ‘place’ type, benefactive recipient type, material theme type, ‘cast’ type and instrumental theme type. The benefactive recipient type of quasi-ditransitive constructions are in fact the “V+zhi+N” structures which have been discussed a lot. The semantics of ditransitive constructions in ancient Chinese can contribute to explain the reason of split objectivity. The secondary object T in primary object – secondary object construction can be considered to be in the form of presenting-using case. The study of oblique three arguments constructions (ditransitive constructions) can largely enlighten the research on the mechanism of oblique two arguments constructions. One kind of oblique two arguments constructions, the support object construction, is proved to take oblique three arguments constructions as its deep structure. It is in fact an elliptical form of primary object – secondary object constructions and direct object – indirect object constructions. Because of this case ambiguity, support object constructions can express two compatible kinds of meanings. When the objects are understanded as a presenting-using case form, they are oblique objects, and the whole construction shows the act-modified expression. When the objects are understanded as an objective form, they are core objects, and the whole construction shows the act-exerted expression. This sufficiently answers the debate about the existence of instrumental object and material object. About surface mechanism, all kinds of the oblique objects in contemporary Chinese show patientivity. Besides this, the support objects show typicality at the same time. In the significant events those are expressed by support object constructions ‘V+N’, there are insignificant events ‘V´+N’ in which V´ can directly exert act on support object N. Thus, V and V´ are essentially related, V can be a metonymical form of V´ and constitute the support object construction ‘V+N’. The benefactive object constructions also take oblique three argument constructions as their deep structure, nothing but the themes are omitted. The stimulator object constructions and the purpose object constructions are formed through reanalysis of metaphotical form of locative complement constitutions.As a Chinese characteristic grammar phenomenon, the oblique object constructions should be attached with more importance in the future. In cross-language studies, the mechanisms of Chinese oblique object constructions will inevitably be clear.
参考文献总数:

 129    

馆藏地:

 图书馆学位论文阅览区(主馆南区三层BC区)    

馆藏号:

 博050103/1301    

开放日期:

 2013-06-15    

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