集市贸易是中国农村常见的经济活动，具有千百年历史，在私有制和小农经济为主的传统社会发挥了重要作用。新中国成立后，党和政府加强对农村集市的改造和管理，使其服务于国家工业化战略。一般认为，“文革”时期“左”倾思想和政治运动破坏甚至关闭了农村集市，市场凋零，农民收入下降，农村经济停滞。
北京农村微观研究显示，“文革”期间农村集市并非如一般认识那样凋敝，在激烈政治运动下仍有生存空间，呈现异态与常态交织共存的局面。异态主要表现在上市商品受到限制，赶集人群遭到驱赶，集市交易大幅萎缩。这主要由“文革”时期激进意识形态造成。中国共产党以农民革命发展壮大，十分了解传统农村集市的优势与弊端，新中国成立后开始建设社会主义新型集市。但是，党在探索什么是社会主义过程中对马克思主义的认识逐渐教条化，演变成“文革”期间“以阶级斗争为纲”的错误思想，在“左”倾思想干扰下，农村集市贸易遭受重重破坏。
与此同时，农村集市有常态化运转一面。北京农村集市在“文革”初期很快部分恢复，至1970年代中期，达到一个相对活跃状态。集市上的常态由多种因素决定。首先，集市管理干部和赶集农民有各自行为逻辑，他们并不完全接受“文革”激进理论，干部采取相对务实管理策略，农民出于生产生活需要给予管理部门一定压力。因此，一旦政治运动缓和，集市交易又会复苏。其次，新中国成立后建立的计划经济体系是农村集市运行的制度保证。集市贸易属于社会主义商业流通渠道之一，党的农村基本经济政策允许并保护农民从事家庭副业，这些制度在“文革”期间也未被废除，农村集市具备存在的制度正当性。国营和集体商业面临各种体制性困境，农村集市自由灵活的特点使其更易在乡间扎根。
当然，农村集市交易的比重极其微小，它的常态只能一定程度上弥补计划经济局限，部分改善农民生产生活，无力改变改革开放前中国农村整体贫困的状况。只有改革开放后，党和人民实现真正思想解放，重新科学认识社会主义、农村集市、市场交易等一系列思想理论与实践，中国农村集市才真正走向繁荣。
如何解释这一时期的异态与常态，过往研究比较强调意识形态重要性，认为政治运动及相应话语对这一时期有强大控制力。在此基础上，本文从政治、人事、制度和思想等方面，考察影响“文革”时期农村集市的决定性因素。整体来看，政治运动和意识形态并非完全支配集市贸易，它们只有在激进思想高涨时短暂影响农村集市。大多数时间，集市参与群体的底层理性、新中国十七年间建立的计划经济制度，发挥着更持久作用。
这种务实理性与激进意识形态并非全然对立，高涨意识形态背后有务实的冷静，重视理性和秩序也并不完全排斥革命话语。在集市贸易这一微观场域，两种相异思想有时可以互生共存，因为，激进思想无法完全撼动传统惯性，务实政策只有在官方意识形态保护下才得以生存。刚性政策与柔性落实间充满张力与互动。这种复杂性，正是“文革”期间中国社会的突出特征之一。
“文革”结束后，伴随思想解放步步深入，农村集市管理的纠葛与困境得以解决。这说明，思想是历史进步的内在动力，社会发展的广度、深度与高度，基于人的思想厚度。政治、人事、制度，都是某一时期思想的反映，想要走出历史困境，实现历史进步，只对政治、人事、制度做修补不能解决本质问题，只有真正的思想解放，才能冲破历史藩篱，将社会发展带到一个全新境界。
1966—1978年北京农村集市的研究，体现了中国共产党探索社会主义道路的艰辛，反映出改革前中国社会和经济的复杂面相，为理解改革开放如何起步提供了鲜活历史案例。农村集市的多重样态折射出历史与现实、传统和现代交织融汇的微妙关系。中国历史的演进不是断裂，而是连续的，加强这一时期研究，有助于从历史逻辑和思想层面更好地把握和认识新中国七十年以及中国共产党百年的奋斗历程。

Rural market trade is a common economic activity in rural China, with a history of thousands of years. It has played an important role in traditional society dominated by private ownership and small-scale peasant economy. After the foundation of the New China, the Party and government strengthened the transformation and management of rural markets to make them serve the national industrialization strategy. It is generally believed that the left ideological and political movement destroyed or even closed the rural market during the Cultural Revolution. The market withered, farmers' income decreased, rural economy stagnated.
The micro study of rural areas in Beijing shows that during the Cultural Revolution, rural market was not as depressed as the general understanding, but there was still space for survival under the fierce political movement, showing the situation of interwoven coexistence of abnormal and normal situation. The abnormal situation is mainly reflected in the restriction of listed goods, the expulsion of market people and the sharp contraction of market transactions. This was mainly caused by radical ideology during the Cultural Revolution.The Communist Party of China developed and expanded with the peasant revolution, understood the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional rural market, and tried to build a new socialist market after the founding of the New China. However, in the process of exploring what socialism is, the Party's understanding of Marxism gradually became dogmatic and evolved into the wrong idea of taking class struggle as the key link（以阶级斗争为纲） during the Cultural Revolution. Under the interference of left thinking, rural market trade suffered heavy damage.
At the same time, the rural market also has the side of normal situation. In the early stage of the Cultural Revolution, the rural market in Beijing was partially restored and reached a relatively active state in the mid-1970s. The normality of the market is also determined by many factors. First of all, market management cadres and farmers participating in the market have their own behavioral logic. They do not fully accept the radical theory of the Cultural Revolution. Cadres adopt relatively pragmatic management strategies, and farmers would put some pressure on the management department for their own production and life. Therefore, once the political movement eased, market transactions would revive. Secondly, the planned economic system after the founding of the New China is the basic guarantee for the operation of rural markets. Market trade is one of the channels of socialist commercial circulation. The Party's basic rural economic policy allows and protects farmers to engage in family sidelines. These systems were not abolished during the Cultural Revolution. The existence of rural markets has institutional legitimacy. The state-owned and collective businesses were facing various institutional difficulties, and the free and flexible characteristics of rural markets were easier to take root in the countryside.
Of course, the proportion of rural market transactions is extremely low, so its normality can only make up for the limitations of the planned economy to a certain extent, partially improve the production and life of farmers, and can not change the fundamental face of China's overall rural poverty before the Reform and Opening-up period. Only after the Reform and Opening-up, the Party and the people realized real ideological emancipation and scientifically understand a series of concepts and practices such as socialism, rural markets and market transactions, China's rural markets really moved towards prosperity.
How to explain the abnormal and normal situations in this period? Previous studies have emphasized the importance of ideology and believed that political movements and discourse have a strong control over this period. On this basis, this paper examines the decisive factors affecting the rural market during the Cultural Revolution from the aspects of politics, personnel, system and thought.
On the whole, political movements and ideology did not completely dominate the market trade. They only briefly affected the rural market when radical ideas were rising. Most of the time, the bottom rationality of the market group and the planned economic system established in the seventeen years of the New China played a more lasting role. This kind of pragmatic rationality and radical ideology are not completely opposite. Behind the rising ideology, there is also pragmatic calmness, and attaching importance to rationality and order does not completely exclude revolutionary discourse. In the micro field of market trade, sometimes two different ideas can coexist with each other, because radical thought can not completely shake the traditional inertia, pragmatic policies can only survive under the protection of official ideology. There is tension and interaction between rigid policy and flexible implementation. This complexity is one of the prominent characteristics of Chinese society during the Cultural Revolution.
After the Cultural Revolution, ideological emancipation swept across China, and the disputes and difficulties of rural market management were solved. This shows that thought is the internal driving force of historical progress. The breadth, depth and height of social development ultimately depend on people's ideological thickness. Politics, management and system are the reflection of thought in a certain period. If people want to get out of the historical dilemma and achieve historical progress, only repairing politics, management and system can not solve the essential problems. Only real ideological emancipation can break through the barriers of history and bring society development to a new level.
The study of Beijing rural market from 1966 to 1978 reflects the hardships of the CPC in exploring the socialist road, reflects the complex aspects of China's society and economy before the reform, and provides a fresh historical case for understanding how the Reform and Opening-up started. The multiple patterns of rural markets reflect the subtle relationship between history and reality, tradition and modernity.The evolution of Chinese history is not fractured, but continuous. Strengthening the study of this period will help to better grasp and understand the 70 years of the New China and the 100 years of struggle of the Communist Party of China from the historical logic and ideological level.