城市里的社会自治在现阶段主要任务是加强和完善社区自治，通过培育社区的自我行为能力来提高社会服务和管理的水平。但目前我国的城市社区自治面临的一个普遍障碍就是居民的参与程度较低，不能形成有效的集体行为效应解决社区公共问题。对于这一问题的解决，存在着两条不同的道路：一条是动员式参与，一条是自发式参与。前一条道路是目前我国普遍采用的，它的特点是见效快，但是缺点也很明显，就是投入产出比比较高，资源浪费严重；相比之下，综合整个人类文明社会发展历史（其中包括西方经验），后者才是解决问题的根本途径。自发式参与，作为一种集体行为，存在着其自身的问题和困境。在集体行为理论中，社会资本理论相比较公共选择理论等，对于现代异质化社会有更加实际和重要的作用，因为这一理论诉诸的是人与人之间彼此信任和亲密关系的建立与维持。而为了实现这一目标，本文以西方自格式塔心理学、构造论和皮亚杰学派等为主的环境行为学和环境心理学为理论基础，同时结合托克维尔等西方学者的民主生长理论、西方的社区设计与建设实践，探寻空间布局因素对居民关系的可能性作用，并最终揭示社区空间布局对社区认同的影响。文章从社区空间布局和社区认同的概念出发，通过对西方新城市主义思想和环境行为学及行为心理学的分析，得出空间布局与社区认同之间可能存在的关联性影响关系。这一关系是以人际交流频率这一指标为中介实现的，通过环境对人际交流的影响及人际交流与认同的天然联系将环境与认同两个因素更紧密地联系起来。然后以20世纪70年代以来丹麦的“合作住宅”实验为具体对象，验证这种可能性影响关系的可靠性，并分别在社区空间布局五个组成方面得出相对具体的结论：社区规模、封闭程度、不同户型所占比例、单元楼容量及相对位置、各种公共空间的比例及布局这五个要素总体上从两个维度影响社区居民的社区认同感，即人际关系扩散和对立化自我诠释。其中的前一个维度主要是社区成员之间的关系问题，而后一个维度主要是社区与社区之外的关系问题。在这些结论的基础上，结合“紧缩圈层结构论”，以相应的理论分析中国社区实际问题，并在中国社区环境中验证以上得到的结论并分析该理论对中国的启示，得出我国城市社区规划布局的政策性建议。

The main task to implement social autonomy in urban China for us now is to intensify and optimize community autonomy， which means we should promote the level of social serving and administration through the cultivation of capability of the community to act independently． Yet， there’s a common barrier in the process of the construction of community autonomy that keeps us from solving public affairs based on efficient collective action—low level of residents participation． For this problem， there are two different resolutions: mobilized participation and active participation． The former is popular now in China due to its advantage in getting results． But its defects of low input-output ratio and waste of resources are also obvious; thus the latter will be the resolution once and for all， reviewing the whole history of civilized human society． Active and voluntary participation， as a kind of collective action， has its own problems to nail down． Among all the theories within the domain of collective action， social capital theory which lays most of its focus on the establishment and maintaining of mutual trust between people is thought to have more practical significance for the highly differentialized society， compared with such theories as public choice． This article will resort to Gestalt psychology， Structuralism， school of Piaget， environmental bahavioralism and environmental psychology， while referring to the theory of democracy formation and the practices of the western world in community designing and construction， with the aim of exploring the possible relations between spatial factors and the neighborhood relationships． Starting from the analyzing of the concepts of spatial layout and community identity， this article tried to find out the possible relations between spatial layout and community identity through the analysis of the new urbanism， environmental behavioralism and behavioral psychology． Then， taking the “co-housing” experiment of the 1970s in Denmark as the subjects， this article tested those relations and reached conclusion in six concrete aspects: community scale， level of closeness， the ratio of different house types， the capacity of the housing building and their relative location， the percentage of different kinds of public spaces and their layout and landmarks． These factors have their own influence on community identity in two aspects: the expansion of social networks and the difference-based self defining． The former is a question between different members of the community， while the latter mainly can be seen between the community and all the factors outside． Based on these conclusions， this article made the corresponding suggestions for community design policy for our country．