随着西方地理学更加重视社会的实际问题，对微观层面的人的活动研究逐渐成为城市地理学的研究重点。在市场经济体制成熟及单位制度退出的宏观背景下，中国城市空间结构的重构过程更加复杂。随着居民职业类型多样化增多，从单位大院内部安排就业到居民按照福利待遇自主选择就业岗位、从单位分房到自身买房等发生的显著变化，在某些程度上改变了中国城市的职住空间格局。自上世纪60年代，凯恩提出空间错位假设以来，从居住与就业关系的视角来解析城市空间结构成为相关学者关注的焦点，并逐渐在国内引起了研究的热潮。居住与就业是城市的基本功能活动，其空间配置对城市发展和居民生活都产生了重要影响。作为城市空间结构的两个主要组成部分，居住与就业空间匹配及通勤行为一直受到城市地理学、城市经济学等相关学科的重视，尤其是新时期土地、交通、规划、政策等多种因素相互交织，共同影响着中国城市空间结构的演化与变革。从城市经济学的学科角度来看，职住空间关系是居民和企业空间区位选择和竞争的结果，决定了城市内部的空间结构形态，对城市通勤、地价和房价等方面具有重要影响，同时土地分布格局、公共资源的分布又会对居住与就业空间产生作用，因此研究新时期下城市居住-就业空间关系的演化特征及空间组织模式，有利于更好地揭示城市内部空间结构发展的动力机制，为解决城市土地利用效率低下、交通堵塞及环境污染等问题提供相应参考。基于此，本文以北京都市区为研究案例地，借助问卷调查、经济普查、人口普查、企业数据及土地出让数据等相关资料，运用统计分析、非参数回归、通勤效率模型、多层回归模型、排序Logit模型及条件Logit模型等方法，从街道尺度上探讨了北京都市区职住空间关系演化过程及通勤效率并分析了土地空间格局对通勤的影响，而后从居民与企业两个微观主体探寻了其区位选择的影响因素，最后从轨道交通、新城发展、功能疏解等方面提出了职住空间结构优化的策略。主要研究内容可分为四个部分：第一部分主要介绍选题背景与研究意义，进而对国内外相关研究进行梳理与综述。从城市内部空间结构理论、城市区位理论、空间错位理论及职住平衡理念等方面分析了城市空间关系的理论基础，并将其划分为生态学派、经济学派、行为学派和制度学派等四个理论学派；从通勤、土地利用格局、区位选择等视角对国内外相关的研究成果进行述评，厘清本研究的选题切入点。第二部分从宏观层面对北京都市区的职住关系演化过程进行系统分析。首先，对居住人口的演化过程进行梳理，发现北京都市区居住人口郊区化的趋势明显，整体上呈现出中心城区向郊区不断集聚的分布格局；通过对都市区居住人口次中心的识别，发现北京都市区居住次中心的数量不断增加，显现出多中心的空间格局。对就业人口演化趋势进行分析，发现就业人口分布经历了集聚-分散-集聚的格局，但整体来看就业集聚区更稳定，中关村、金融街、CBD成为就业人口主要集聚区；利用非参数方法识别了就业人口分布次中心，发现就业次中心数量先增加后降低，表明就业人口多中心空间结构有所减弱。其次，从居住-就业次中心的演化趋势来看，双集聚区域（既是就业集聚区又是居住集聚区）显著增多，远郊区的职住分离现象更为突出，发现都市区的职住空间模式由职住合一发展到目前的职住分离，然后向职住再接近演化，从单位制度、交通网络、集聚经济、城市规划等方面提出了职住空间关系演化的动力机制。再次，从分行业角度来看，不同行业从业人员的职住空间关系具有显著差异，金融业，电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业，信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业，交通运输、仓储和邮政业四个行业职住错位程度较高。第三部分从微观层面测度了北京都市区居民通勤效率。第一，从通勤情况来看，居民单程通勤平均时间为37分钟，平均通勤距离12km，公共交通出行依然是北京市居民通勤的主要方式。通过对北京都市区通勤效率计算，发现居民通勤出行中有64.48%属于过剩通勤，通勤容量使用率仅为32.49%，反映了目前居住与就业失衡的现实情况。第二，通过对不同出行方式的通勤效率对比，公共交通的过剩通勤程度要高于私家车，表明私家车出行的通勤效率要高于公共交通出行；从影响因素来看，就业可达性与公共交通具有显著正相关，对私家车影响没有通过显著性检验；年龄、学历、职业类型、平均月收入、住房产权与私家车及公共交通通勤时间都呈现显著相关性，但性别、家庭结构的影响并不显著；居住密度及居住区位对不同交通方式的通勤时间具有一定影响，而就业密度及就业区位对通勤时间的影响则未通过检验。第三，从土地利用类型来看，随着产业用地、居住用地密度的提升，居民的通勤时间与通勤距离都明显缩短，说明居住在土地混合程度越高区域（高密度产业/居住用地）的居民能够充分利用区位优势来优化通勤出行模式；从住房产权来看，单位住房对通勤时间与距离呈现明显的负相关关系，但政策性住房的影响却不显著。第四部分从居民与企业两个微观主体层面分析了不同类型住房属性的居住区位与不同类型的企业区位选择影响因素，从轨道交通、新城发展、功能疏解等方面提出了职住空间结构优化的策略。首先，通过对居住区位选择分析，发现房价、土地价格、交通状况、居住区自然环境和公共服务情况等外部因素是影响居民居住区位选择的重要因素，年龄、家庭构成和收入等家庭层面内部因素也在不同程度上影响了居住区位选择；从不同的住房产权来看，单位住房居民受收入影响较大，经济适用房居民则更看重周边交通状况；商品房住户除考虑交通便捷性外，家庭构成也是影响其区位选择的重要因素。其次，通过对企业区位选择分析，发现集聚效益、土地价格、劳动力成本、基础设施及空间距离等因素对批发零售及信息技术企业区位选择影响显著，其中土地价格和集聚效益的影响程度最为突出；从不同登记注册类型企业来看，外资企业对交通区位条件、创新环境要求更高，但商业基准地价在外资企业区位选择中影响不显著。最后，从轨道交通、新城发展、功能疏解等方面提出了职住空间结构优化的策略。第五部分为结论与讨论，主要是总结和归纳了全文的主要结论和观点，从研究资料、研究方法等方面指出了本研究的不足，从理论体系、研究模型及大数据等方面展望了今后需进一步研究的问题。

Under the influence of globalization and informatization, urban geography have been the shift of spatial and scale, which begin to attach importance to the study on the multilevel physical space and network space. With the focuses of human geography in western countries pay more attention to social problems, urban geography begin to transform from macroscopic level such as research on city system to microscopic level such as researches on living space, commercial space and so on, the study on human activities has become the focus of urban geography. In recent years, with the transformation of job market that residents start to choose a job with greater flexibility than the government arranged employment in the past and the housing market from the welfare housing distribution to the monetary allocation of the real estate market, the occupation of Chinese residents have been more diverse, more changes appear in the selecting the residence and employment, which in a certain extent prompt the evolution of residential and employment spatial pattern in Chinese cities. As the two main elements of urban space, the relationship between housing and employment has always been attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad, especially in the new period, such as land, transportation, planning, policy and other factors, which affect the changes of urban spatial structure. From the perspective of urban economics, jobs-housing relationship is the result of spatial location choice and competition between residents and enterprises, which determines the urban internal spatial structure and have an important influence on urban commuting, land price and housing price. Moreover, the land use pattern and the distribution of public resources would have a key role in the residence and employment space. Therefore, the study on the characteristics and spatial pattern of urban housing and employment in the new era is conducive to better reveal the inner dynamic mechanism of urban organic development, to explore the development law of urban spatial structure, and it can provide corresponding reference to solve urban traffic congestion and the low efficiency of land use.The paper chooses Beijing metropolitan area as a case, obtains relative information with the help of questionnaire, Economic Census, Population census, Enterprise data and Land-use data, and utilizes the means such as Statistic analysis, Nonparametric regression analysis, Commuting efficiency model, Multilevel regression models, Ordered Logit model and Conditional Logit model, discusses the evolution process of jobs-housing relationship, commuting efficiency and analyzes the influence of land-use spatial pattern on commuting in Beijing metropolitan area, and then explores the impact factors of the residential location choice and firms’ location choice. Finally, the paper proposes the optimization strategy of jobs-housing spatial structure from the rail transit, new city development, and functional dispersal and so on. The article is divided into four sections:The first part mainly introduces research backgrounds and research meaning, and then reviews the related research progress from home and abroad. On the one hand, the paper analyzes the theoretical basis of urban spatial structure from urban internal spatial structure theory, urban location theory, spatial mismatch theory and the concept of job-housing balance, and it is divided into four schools of theories, such as Ecological school, school of Economics, Behavior school and institutional school. On the other hand, we summarize the related research progress from home and abroad from commuting behavior, land-use pattern, and location choice etc, and clarify the topics of this research.The second part systematically analyzes the evolution process of jobs-housing relationship in Beijing metropolitan area from four aspects: Firstly, the paper discusses the evolution process of resident population, and found residential suburbanization trend is evident, which show the continuous distribution pattern from a central city and the outer suburbs to the suburbs. Through the identification of population subcenters, we find the number of population subcenters has increased in past two decade and display the polycentricity spatial pattern in Beijing metropolitan area. Based on the analysis of the evolution trend of employment, our study show employment distributions has experienced the pattern of agglomeration to dispersion to agglomeration, but the agglomeration area of employment has been found to be more stable, Zhongguancun, Financial Street and CBD is always mainly concentrated area of employment. Moreover, we identify the employment subcenters by the nonparametric regression analysis and find the number of employment subcenters first increase and then decrease, which implies the polycentric urban spatial structure of employment had weaken. Secondly, from the point of view of the evolution trend of population and employment subcenters, double cluster districts (the district was not only gathering employment but also residential area) increase significantly, separation phenomenon between residence and employment is more prominent in outer suburbs. Besides, the spatial pattern between job location and home location in Beijing metropolitan area has witnessed a shift from jobs-housing balance in the past to the current jobs-housing spatial mismatch, and then to another condition that lived much closer to employment. Furthermore, we propose the dynamic mechanism of jobs-housing relationship evolution from the disintegration of traditional danwei system, traffic network, agglomeration economy, urban planning and other aspects. Thirdly, our research show the jobs-housing spatial relationship of employees in different industries has a significant difference, and the degree of spatial mismatch is more serious in Financial industry and electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply industry.The third part computes the commuting efficiency of urban residents in Beijing metropolitan area in a micro level. First of all, the results show that average commuting time of one-way is 37 minutes, average commuting distance is 12km, and public transport travel is still the main way for the residents of Beijing. Through the calculation of commuting efficiency, we find excess commuting is 64.48% and commuting capacity utilization is only 32.49%, which reflect the current situation of the imbalance between housing and employment. Then, when compare in terms of commuting efficiency of different travel modes, public transit seems to have a higher excess commuting than that of private cars, which indicate that the commuting efficiency of private cars is higher than public transit. From the analysis of the impact factors of the difference in the commuting efficiency between public transit and private cars, our study show job accessibility has a significant positive association with public transit travel, the association between job accessibility and private cars travel has not passed the significant test; age, education, occupation type, average monthly income, housing property and commuting time of both travel modes are significant association, but the influence of gender, family structure is not significant; population density and residential location have an certain influence on the commuting time of both modes, while the impact of employment density and work location on the commuting time has not passed the significant test. Again, with the improvement of industrial land density and residential land density, commuting time and distance of residents are significantly shortened, which indicate the residents live in the area with a higher degree of mixed land can take advantage of the location advantage to optimize the commuting. From the perspective of housing property variables, the association between danwei housing and commuting time and distance is negative and significant, but the effect of policy housing is not significant.The fourth part explores the impact factors of residential location choice with different types of housing properties and firms’ location choice with different types from the perspective of residents and firms, then proposes the optimization strategy of jobs-housing spatial structure from the rail transit, new city development, and functional dispersal and so on. At the beginning, from the analysis of residential location choice, it is found that the external factors such as housing price, land price, traffic condition, natural environment and public service, and the internal factors such as age, family structure, and income are some important factors affecting the choice of residential location. In view of different housing property, residents in danwei housing affected greatly by income, and residents in affordable housing pay more attention to the surrounding traffic conditions. In addition to considering the convenience of transportation, family composition is an important factor affecting the location choice of the residents in commercial housing. In the next place, from the analysis of firms’ location choice, it is found that agglomeration effect, land price, labor cost, infrastructure and spatial distance has an significant influence on the location choice of the retail and information technology enterprises, and the impact of land prices and agglomeration effect is the most prominent. According to the different types of enterprises, foreign enterprises are more demanding on traffic condition and innovation environment, but the impact of the commercial benchmark land price on the location choice is not significantly. Finally, we put forward the optimization strategy of jobs-housing spatial structure from the rail transit, new city development, and functional dispersal and so on. The fifth part is the conclusions and the prospects of the research. We summarizes the main conclusions and views, points out the limitation of the study from research data and research methods, further researches issues are prospected in theoretical system, research model and big data etc.