“历史究竟应该教给学生些什么？”这是中小学历史课程和教学不得不面对的一个问题。基础教育新课程改革将中学历史课程目标定位为“三维目标”，这种表述有其进步之处，但也遭到不少学者的质疑。不少教师不能准确理解和把握三维目标，认为三维目标太虚；也有些教师在设计教案时生搬硬套三维目标，甚至有些教师不主张写三维目标。三维目标存在哪些不足，该如何改进？这些问题值得研究。 笔者通过考察民国以来中小学历史课程目标的演变，比较不同时期中学历史课程目标的异同，从中归纳出历史课程目标中的一些恒定不变的因素。历史课程目标的制定还受到多种因素的制约，例如政治要求、史学思潮、教育思潮等，我们在制定历史课程目标时应该思考如何权衡这些因素。从历史课程目标的定位来看，历史课程目标是学科课程目标，并不是通常所说的教育目标、教育理想等。因此历史课程目标应该有机地承接国家的教育目标，并且能够有效地指导每个单位的历史课程。 从历史课程目标的取向上来看，三维目标符合课程目标的发展需要，但在表述上却存在表述不清、指导不明等问题。在今后制定历史课程目标时，不同的内容应该有不同的取向偏重，目标的表述也应该更加细化和清晰。从历史课程目标的发展趋势来看，历史课程目标应当从教师本位转向学生本位，从学生需要的角度去制定历史课程目标。 另外，当代史学发展的新内容，如社会史、环境史等也应该在历史课程目标中有所体现。

"What should be taught to the students in history teaching?" is a problem that history curriculum and teaching have to face and constantly think in primary and secondary school. The "New Curriculum" sets the target of high school history courses as "three-dimensional target", progressive as such statements are, they are questioned by many scholars. What are the weaknesses of "3D Target" and how to improve are worth studying.By examining the evolution of history curriculum objectives in primary and secondary school since the Republican period and comparing the similarities and differences of history curriculum objectives of secondary school in different periods, the author concludes the constant factors in the history curriculum objectives. The establishment of history curriculum objectives is restricted by a variety of factors, such as political requirements, historiography thoughts, education thoughts, and so on. We should be thinking about how to weigh these factors when establishing the history curriculum objectives.From the perspective of the location of history curriculum objective, history curriculum objective is a kind of discipline curriculum objective other than the so-called educational objective or educational ideal. Therefore, the history curriculum objectives should undertake the national educational objectives organically and be able to guide each unit of the history curriculum effectively.From the perspective of the orientation of history curriculum objective, though "three-dimensional target" meets the needs of the development of curriculum objectives, there still exists some problems in formulation such as the unclear expression and the unknown guidance. When the history curriculum objectives being established in the future, different contents should have different emphasis in orientation and the expression of objectives should be more detailed and clear.From the perspective of the development trends of history curriculum objective, the history curriculum objectives should shift from teacher-based to student-based, from the perspective of the students need to develop the history curriculum objectives. The history curriculum objectives should be established from the point of view of students.In addition, the new contents of the contemporary historiography should be reflected in the history curriculum objectives, such as social history, environmental history and so forth.