摘 要近代教师群体是伴随着近代学校教育体制的确立和发展逐步形成的一支职业群体。它不同于传统的教官、私塾先生，也不同于现代意义上的教师。在它身上，既有传统封建士大夫教育官员的痕迹，又带有向近代转型的近代知识分子的某些特征。它形成于中国社会由传统向近代的转型时期，随着教育和社会的近代化进程，近代教师群体的知识结构、教学理念、思想意识、职业道德、社会功能、社会地位等方面都发生了很大变化，形成了一些独特的时代特征。正是这种历史阶段的特殊性赋予了它更为重要的研究价值。加强对近代教师群体的研究，不仅可以丰富近代职业群体的研究领域，而且有利于对中国社会的近代转型有更加深刻的理解和把握。本文的写作重点在于对近代教师群体的形成、发展、转型以及作为一个新兴职业群体，它处在怎样的社会地位，扮演着怎样的社会角色，在中国近代教育乃至整个社会转型过程中起过怎样的历史作用等进行全面的勾勒和分析。通过对近代教师群体的整体性分析，可以勾勒出近代教师群体的形成及发展轨迹，以及不同的历史条件和国家政治对教师社会地位的影响。本文对近代教师群体的研究分为五部分：第一章：主要介绍了近代教师群体形成的历史背景。通过对历史背景的回顾，阐释了近代教师群体产生的历史必然性。第二章：对近代教师群体的来源、构成及其所特有的过渡型特征进行了较为系统的分析和概括。通过分析得出，近代教师群体来源的多样性、构成的复杂性、知识结构及身份的过渡性是其形成时期的主要特征。第三章：对近代教师的规范化、制度化进程进行了总结分析。近代教师群体形成之初，就开始接受职业化、制度化管理，这是近代教师群体迥异于传统教师的一大特征。为保障教师质量的检定及视学制度、奖惩制度以及教师的聘任制度都是使近代教师逐步实现规范化、制度化的重要制度和措施。第四章：对近代教师的待遇，包括其经济待遇和政治待遇进行了具体的探讨和分析。通过对不同历史阶段教师待遇的分析，可以看出政治对教师社会地位的影响。第五章：主要探讨了近代教师群体与近代社会转型的关系。近代教师群体形成于社会转型时期，社会的转型促成了它的出现，它的出现又对社会的转型起到了一定的促进作用。近代教师群体在启发民智、培养新式人才、传播近代文化知识、推动社会向近代转化的过程中发挥了重要作用。为了能够深入具体地进行研究，本文选择直隶的教师群体作为主要研究对象。通过对直隶近代教师群体的具体分析，来反映近代教师群体的一般特征。本文所采用的研究方法，主要是运用大量的历史资料，通过量化分析，缕析近代教师的某些特性。同时，以历史大背景为依托，以教育领地为舞台，以教师群体为演员，从一侧面反映中国社会近代转型的曲折历程。

AbstractThe modern teachers’ group is a professional group formed progressively with the establishment and development of the modern school’s system. It’s different from the traditional instructor and civilization, and also different from the modern sense of the teachers. It have some characteristics of both traditional feudal of Education officials and modern intellectuals. It was formed in the Chinese society in transition from traditional to modern times. With the change of modern society and the process of education, It’s knowledge of modern teaching philosophy, ideology, ethics, and social functions, social status have taken place great changes, and formed some unique characteristics of the times. It is just the historical stage that made it more important research value. The study about modern group of teachers, not only enriched the field of modern occupational groups, but also gave great help to understand and grasp the modern transformation of Chinese society, This paper focuses on teachers’ group formed, development and restructuring as well as an emerging occupational groups, it is in what kind of social status and how to play the social role in China's modern education and in the process of social transformation. The study about modern teachers’group is divided into five parts : Chapter 1: Introduce the historical background of the emerging of modern teachers. Through the review of historical background, interpret its historical inevitability. Chapter 2: analysis and review the modern teachers’ sources, constitute and its unique characteristics. Through analysis, found that the source of the diversity, the complex constitute, the knowledge and identity formation of the transitional period is the main feature. Chapter 3: analyze and sum up the standardization and systematic process of the modern teachers. To ensure the quality of teachers, test and inspection system, rewards and punishments are the important measures for teachers gradually standardized and institutionalized. Chapter 4: discuss and analysis the teachers’ treatment, including its economic treatment and political treatment. Through analysis the treatment of different historical stages, we may see the impact of politics on the social status of teachers. Chapter 5: Explore the relationship between modern teachers and modern society. Modern teachers’ group formed in the period of transformation, the transformation facilitate its emergence. Its appeared also played a role in promoting restructuring. Modern teachers’ group in inspiring people to cultivate new talent, to transmit the cultural knowledge, to promote social transformation in modern times has played an important role in the process. In order to have a detail studies, ZhiLi’s teachers group was chosen as a major research topic. This specific analysis can reflect the general characteristics of teachers of modern times. The method used in this study is to analysis a huge amount of historical data, to find some characteristics of modern teachers. Meanwhile, taking the historical background as a foundation stage, make the teachers as actors. Through their perform, reflect the tortuous course of modern Chinese society in transition.