足，在解剖学上，足部的定义位置是位于踝部远侧，分为足背、足底和足趾。而足底（跖）涵盖了跖丘（ball of the foot，足趾和足弓之间）、足弓、足跟；足趾再细分趾根、趾身、趾端、趾甲等部位。足弓是人类足部的特征，将其与其他灵长类动物区分开来。足弓有助于提供直立姿势和承重。人脚有两个纵弓（内侧和外侧）和两个横弓（前横弓和后横弓）。初一年级学生青少年的足部生长和发展进程较为迅速，此时的足部包括骨骼、肌肉、肌腱和韧带等结构未完全成熟。鉴于足部结构的高度可塑性，外部因素可能轻易导致其形态发生变化。其中，常见的足部形态异常包括扁平足（足内旋）和高弓足（足外旋）。这种异常足型不仅可能影响儿童少年期的生理和生物力学发展，还可能对成年后的生活质量产生潜在的负面影响。

研究目的：探讨青少年时期足型及足部形态与体质（身体形态、身体姿态及身体素质）之间的密切关系，通过了解不同足型下体质（身体形态、身体姿态和身体素质）的差异为今后青少年足型健康发育及鞋楦制定提供指导和建议。

研究方法：本研究采用实验法、数理统计法。本研究以北京市三帆中学初一年级学生作为研究对象，采用三维足型扫描仪、身高体重测量仪、身体姿态扫描仪和身体素质相关测量设备对北京市三帆中学学生进行为期1个月数据收集，共收集314人，对于足型数据重点比较足弓形态；对三组人群（低足弓、正常足和高足弓）的不同体质（身体形态、身体姿态和身体素质）进行比较，实验数据采用Excel进行处理，应用SPSS26.0、Prism9和Origin2021统计软件进行比较分析。

研究结果：

（1）不同足弓人群足型参数比较：三种足弓类型均在宽度、高度和周长指标中存在极其显著性差异（P＜0.01）；低足弓与正常足和高足弓相比，在角度方面存在极其显著性差异（P＜0.01），在宽度、高度和周长方面有显著差异（P＜0.05）。高足弓与正常足相比在宽度、高度、周长和角度存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。

（2）不同足弓的身体形态比较：超重组、肥胖组与正常组和低体重组在宽度上、高度和周长指标中存在显著差异（P＜0.05），在这些指标中的差异同时也极其显著（P＜0.01）。低体重组与正常组在宽度、高度、周长上存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。正常组、低体重组、肥胖组和超重组四组别之间在脚长度存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。超重组与肥胖组在右脚弓区域存在显著差异（P＜0.05），肥胖组与正常组在右脚趾角度存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。正常身体形态与长度、高度、宽度和周长参数存在极其显著正相关（P<0.01）。角度与正常身体形态存在负相关（P<0.05）。低体重与周长和宽度存在负相关（P<0.05）。肥胖与周长、高度和宽度存在正相关（P<0.05）。超重与脚趾高度存在正相关（P<0.05）。

（3）不同足弓下身体姿态比较：在骨盆侧倾异常体态中，低足弓与正常足有显著差异（P<0.05），头部侧倾在高、低足弓与正常足间存在显著差异（P<0.05），腿型（左）在高、低足弓与正常足间也存在显著差异（P<0.05）。高低肩与与脚弓区域存在负相关（P<0.01）。脊柱异位与角度正相关（P<0.05）。骨盆侧倾与高度正相关（P<0.01），与周长和宽度正相关（P<0.05）。圆肩与宽度、周长和高度存在负相关（P<0.05）。膝过伸与脚弓区域正相关（P<0.05），与脚掌角度负相关（P<0.05）。头部侧倾、腿型（左、右）和头部前倾异常身体姿态组与足型无显著相关性。

（4）不同足弓下身体素质比较：

①不同体质等级：优秀组与其它组相比，在宽度、高度、周长和角度存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。优秀组与不及格组在长度（P<0.05）和脚弓区域（P<0.01）存在显著性差异。良好组与不及格组在宽度、高度、周长、长度和脚弓区域存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。及格组与不及格组在宽度、高度、周长和脚弓区域存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。具有良好体质水平的学生右脚掌高度间存在显著负相关（P<0.01）。及格体质水平的学生右脚掌内侧与右侧舟骨高度存在显著负相关（P<0.05，P<0.01）。体质不及格的学生左脚趾与左脚掌内侧高度间存在显著负相关（P<0.05），与左脚趾宽度存在正相关（P<0.05）。优秀体质总分学生与足型参数无显著相关性。

②男性：男性肺活量在低足弓组与正常足组和高足弓组之间存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。1000米跑在高足弓组与低足弓组和正常足组之间存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。相关性结果中肺活量与长度、周长、宽度、高度和脚弓区域存在正相关（P<0.01），与脚趾角度存在负相关（P<0.05）。50米跑与长度负相关（P<0.05），与高度正相关（P<0.05）。立定跳远与长度（P<0.01）、周长（P<0.05）正相关，与脚趾高度负相关（P<0.05）。引体向上与长度、宽度、高度和周长负相关（P<0.05）。1000米跑与周长、宽度、高度正相关（P<0.01）。

③女性：左脚：50米跑：低足弓与正常足间有显著差异（P<0.01）。立定跳远：低足弓与正常足间有显著差异（P<0.05）。坐位体前屈：高足弓与低足弓、正常足间有显著差异（P<0.05）。右脚：50米跑：低足弓与正常足间有显著差异（P<0.05）。一分钟仰卧起坐：低足弓、高足弓与正常足间有显著差异（P<0.05）。坐位体前屈：正常足与高足弓、低足弓与高足弓间有显著差异（P<0.01）。800米跑：低足弓与正常足间有显著差异（P<0.05）。总分：低足弓与正常足、高足弓间有显著差异（P<0.05）。肺活量与长度、周长、宽度、高度存在正相关（P<0.01）。50米跑与高度（P<0.01）和周长（P<0.05）正相关，与脚弓区域负相关（P<0.05）。坐位体前屈与脚趾高度负相关（P<0.05）。立定跳远与长度、角度正相关（P<0.05），与周长和高度负相关（P<0.05）。一分钟仰卧起坐与高度、宽度和周长负相关（P<0.01）。800米跑与高度和周长正相关（P<0.01）。

结论：

（1）初一年级学生中低足弓学生占比80%，主要为窄扁形足，表现出窄、低、周长小、脚趾角度大及脚弓区域小等特点；正常足占比15%，主要为中厚型组；高足弓学生占比5%，主要为宽高形足，表现出、宽、高、长及脚弓区域大等特点。

（2）按照身体形态分：初一年级学生超重和肥胖学生的脚为宽厚形足，表现出更宽更高，围度更长，易出现足弓下塌；低体重学生的脚为窄短形足，表现出更窄更低更短，易出现稳定性差。正常和肥胖学生的身体形态与足部相关。

（3）按照身体姿态分：初一年级学生学生中高足弓易出现骨盆侧倾、头部前倾和腿型异常身体姿态；低足弓易出现头部侧倾、腿型异常身体姿态。圆肩、骨盆侧倾、高低肩、脊柱异位和膝过伸异常身体姿态与足部相关。

（4）按照身体素质分：初一年级学生中足部较窄、较低、围度较小、脚长较短和脚趾角度大且足弓空白区域较大的学生体质成绩较好。各体质项目中男性正常足学生显现相对较好的耐力表现，而高足弓足型耐力表现较差。女性学生中，正常足型的学生在短跑项目中表现较好，低足弓学生在多项运动测试中表现较好，显现出较好的灵活性和耐力表现；高足弓学生弹跳能力表现较好。肺活量、引体向上、立定跳远、50米跑、一分钟仰卧起坐、800米跑和1000米跑体质项目与足部相关。

建议：

（1）低足弓学生应加强足部肌肉（足趾抓地练习或足弓提升练习）、增强足弓稳定性（单腿站立或跳跃训练）或采用矫正鞋垫改善其低足弓形态。

（2）超重和肥胖学生通过有氧运动以降低体重减少足弓压力，低体重学生应该增强营养摄入促进体重增长并增强体质和肌肉力量以维持其足弓稳定性。拇外翻学生可采取足趾分离练习或选择合适的矫正鞋垫并穿戴宽松鞋子。

（3）高足弓学生可采用矫正鞋垫分散前足压力减少骨盆侧倾并改善头部侧倾，低足弓则可在鞋内提供额外弓形支撑以减少腿型偏离。

The foot, anatomically defined as being located on the distal side of the ankle, is divided into the dorsum of the foot, the sole of the foot, and the toes. The sole of the foot (metatarsus), however, covers the metatarsal mound (the ball of the foot, between the toes and the arch of the foot), the arch, and the heel; the toes are further subdivided into the root of the toes, the body of the toes, the end of the toes, and the toenails. The arch is the feature of the human foot that distinguishes it from other primates. The arches help provide upright posture and weight bearing. The human foot has two longitudinal arches (medial and lateral) and two transverse arches (anterior and posterior transverse arches). Adolescents in the first grade have a more rapid process of growth and development of the foot, which at this time includes bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments that are not fully mature in structure. Given the high degree of plasticity of the foot structure, external factors may easily cause changes in its morphology. Common foot abnormalities include flat feet (inwardly rotated feet) and high-arched feet (outwardly rotated feet). These abnormalities may not only affect physiologic and biomechanical development in childhood and adolescence, but may also have a potentially negative impact on quality of life in adulthood.

Aims of the study: To explore the close relationship between foot shape and foot morphology and physical fitness (body shape, body posture and physical fitness) in adolescence, and to provide guidance and suggestions for the healthy development of adolescent foot shape and the formulation of footwear lasts in the future through the understanding of the differences in physical fitness (body shape, body posture and physical fitness) among different foot shapes.

Research method: This study used experimental method and mathematical statistics. In this study, the first grade students of Beijing Sanfan Middle School were taken as the research object, and the 3D foot scanner, height and weight measuring instrument, body posture scanner and physical quality related measuring equipment were used to collect data from the students of Beijing Sanfan Middle School for a period of 1 month, and a total of 314 people were collected, and for the foot data focusing on comparing the arch morphology; the different physical qualities of the three groups of people (low foot arch, normal foot and high foot arch) were compared ( body shape, body posture and physical fitness) were compared. The experimental data were processed by Excel and applied SPSS26.0, Prism9 and Origin2021 statistical software for comparative analysis.

Research results:

(1) Comparison of foot parameters among people with different arches: all three arch types showed highly significant differences in width, height and circumference (P<0.01); low arches showed highly significant differences in angle (P<0.01), and significant differences in width, height and circumference (P<0.05) compared to normal and high arches. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in width, height, circumference and angle in high arched feet compared to normal feet.

(2) Comparison of body morphology of different foot arches: there were significant differences between the overgroup and obese group compared to the normal and low-body groups in widthwise, height and girth indexes (P < 0.05), and the differences in these indexes were also extremely significant at the same time (P < 0.01). There were significant differences between the low-body group and the normal group in width, height, and girth (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in foot length between the normal, low-body, obese, and overgroup groups. There was a significant difference between the overgroup and obese group in the right arch region of the foot (P < 0.05) and between the obese and normal group in the right toe angle (P < 0.05). There was an extremely significant positive correlation (P<0.01) between normal body form and length, height, width and girth parameters. There was a negative correlation between angle and normal body form (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between low body weight and girth and width (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between obesity and girth, height and width (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between overweight and toe height (P<0.05).

(3) Comparison of body postures in different arches: in pelvic lateral tilt abnormal body posture, there was a significant difference between low arches and normal feet (P<0.05), head lateral tilt was significantly different between high and low arches and normal feet (P<0.05), and leg shape (left) was also significantly different between high and low arches and normal feet (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between high and low shoulder and with the arch region of the foot (P<0.01). Spinal ectopia was positively correlated with angle (P<0.05). Lateral pelvic tilt was positively correlated with height (P<0.01) and positively correlated with girth and width (P<0.05). Rounded shoulders were negatively correlated with width, circumference and height (P<0.05). Knee hyperextension was positively correlated with arch region (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with foot angle (P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between head lateralization, leg shape (left and right) and head forward abnormal body posture groups and foot shape.

(4) Comparison of physical fitness under different foot arches:

(1) Different physical fitness levels: there were significant differences in width, height, circumference and angle in the excellent group compared to the other groups (P<0.05). There were significant differences in length (P<0.05) and foot arch region (P<0.01) between the excellent group and the failing group. There was significant difference (P<0.05) between the good group and the failing group in width, height, girth, length and arch region of the foot. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the passing group and the failing group in the region of width, height, circumference, length and arch of the foot. There was a significant negative correlation (P<0.01) between the height of the right plantar aspect of the feet of the students with good level of fitness. There was a significant negative correlation between the medial right metatarsal and right navicular height of students with passing fitness level (P<0.05, P<0.01). There was a significant negative correlation (P<0.05) between the left toe and the height of the medial left navicular and a positive correlation (P<0.05) with the width of the left toe in students with failing fitness level. There was no significant correlation between students with excellent total physical fitness score and foot type parameters.

(ii) Males: there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in lung capacity in males between the low arch group and the normal foot and high arch groups. 1000 meter run was significantly different (P<0.05) between the high arch group and the low arch and normal foot groups. In correlation results lung capacity was positively correlated with length, girth, width, height and arch region (P<0.01) and negatively correlated with toe angle (P<0.05).50 m run was negatively correlated with length (P<0.05) and positively correlated with height (P<0.05). The standing long jump was positively correlated with length (P<0.01) and girth (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with toe height (P<0.05). Pull-ups were negatively correlated with length, width, height and girth (P<0.05). 1000 meter run was positively correlated with girth, width and height (P<0.01).

(iii) Females: left foot: 50-meter run: significant difference between low arches and normal foot (P<0.01). Vertical jump: significant difference between low arch and normal foot (P<0.05). Seated forward bending: significant difference between high and low arches and normal feet (P<0.05). Right foot: 50 meter run: significant difference between low arch and normal foot (P<0.05). One-minute sit-up: significant difference between low arch, high arch and normal foot (P<0.05). Seated forward bending: significant difference between normal feet and high arches, low arches and high arches (P<0.01). 800 meter run: significant difference between low arches and normal feet (P<0.05). Total score: significant difference between low arch and normal foot and high arch (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between lung capacity and length, circumference, width, and height (P<0.01). 50 meter run was positively correlated with height (P<0.01) and circumference (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with the arch region of the foot (P<0.05). Seated forward bending was negatively correlated with toe height (P<0.05). Vertical jump was positively correlated with length and angle (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with girth and height (P<0.05). One-minute sit-ups were negatively correlated with height, width and girth (P<0.01). 800-meter run was positively correlated with height and girth (P<0.01).

Conclusion:

(1) Low arches accounted for 80% of the students in the first grade, mainly narrow flat-shaped feet, showing characteristics such as narrow, low, small circumference, large toe angle and small arch area; normal feet accounted for 15%, mainly medium-thick group; high arches students accounted for 5%, mainly wide-high shaped feet, showing characteristics such as, wide, high, long and large arch area.

(2) According to body morphology: the feet of overweight and obese students in the first grade were wide and thick shaped feet, showing wider and higher, longer circumference and prone to arch collapse; the feet of low weight students were narrow and short shaped feet, showing narrower, lower and shorter, prone to poor stability. The body shape of normal and obese students was correlated with the foot.

(3) According to body postures: in the first grade, students with high arches were prone to pelvic tilt, head tilt and abnormal leg postures; students with low arches were prone to head tilt and abnormal leg postures. Rounded shoulders, pelvic tilt, high and low shoulders, spinal anomalies and knee hyperextension abnormal body postures were associated with the feet.

(4) Physical fitness: First-year students with narrower, lower, less circumscribed feet, shorter foot lengths, and larger toe angles with larger arch space had better physical fitness scores. Male normal-footed students showed relatively better endurance performance in all physical fitness categories, while high arch foot types showed poorer endurance performance. Among female students, normal-footed students performed better in sprinting events, low arch students performed better in multi-sport tests, showing better flexibility and endurance, and high arch students performed better in bouncing ability. Lung capacity, pull-ups, standing long jump, 50-meter run, one-minute sit-ups, 800-meter run, and 1,000-meter run physical fitness events were correlated with the foot.

Recommendations:

(1) Students with low arches should strengthen their foot muscles (toe gripping exercises or arch lifting exercises), improve arch stability (one-legged standing or jumping exercises), or use orthotic insoles to improve their low arch pattern.

(2) Overweight and obese students should reduce arch pressures by reducing body weight through aerobic exercise, and low-weight students should enhance their nutritional intake to promote weight gain and increase fitness and muscle strength to maintain their arch stability. Students with bunions can perform toe separation exercises or choose appropriate orthotic insoles and wear loose shoes.

(3) Students with high arches can minimize pelvic tilt and improve head tilt by using corrective insoles to distribute pressure on the forefoot, while students with low arches can minimize leg deviation by providing additional arch support in the shoe.