随着黄河生态保护和高质量发展上升为我国国家重大战略，对黄河水资源的保护成为全国生态实践最重要的课题之一，在黄河中游地区，表现为国家对节水农业的大力推广，以及对乌梁素海流域的系统性治理。先进生态技术的推广是现行生态治理的重要内容，然而，在实践过程中，生态技术的推广和应用效果却往往不尽如人意。本文以黄河中游内蒙古自治区宏社的滴灌技术推广为个案，基于环境人类学和社会生态系统的视角，通过滴灌技术推广过程中社会系统与生态系统之间的复杂互动，探讨滴灌技术推广困难之原因。
本文发现，在滴灌技术进入之前，宏社围绕着黄河水和降雨，在长期土地盐碱化的自然条件下建立起一套完整的水资源管理制度和地方性知识，形成一个耦合的社会生态系统。滴灌技术作为外部扰动，与宏社社会生态系统其他要素之间的互动表现出空间异质性与时间滞后性的特征，其中，异质性表现为滴灌系统受乌梁素海与灌溉制度的影响，产生了管道坏损这一“意料之外”的后果，带来预期成本的增加，时滞性则表现为滴灌技术对水量的精确控制使其土地盐碱化控制效果不显著，表现出生态功能上的滞后性，带来生态破坏的风险。此外，在宏社整合力缺失与个体利益诉求日渐增强的背景之下，滴灌技术使用过程中出现了“偷水偷肥”现象，增加了使用者的亏损风险。
面对滴灌，地方性知识、生计风险及风险意识是影响行动者态度和选择的关键因素。一方面，在长期的生产实践过程中，宏社形成“压碱”“养地”的观念和“种植玉米改造地”的生态实践，在地方性知识的引导和规约下，村民对灌溉技术的要求不仅是短期经济效益的产生，更是农业系统发展可持续性的实现。另一方面，长期脆弱的农业经济之下，出于规避风险的生存理性，宏社村民对技术变迁的潜在风险与预期成本持有更加谨慎的态度。因而面对滴灌技术的预期成本、生态风险与亏损风险，宏社村民的保守行为正是其对于成本与收入、长期收益与短期收益、生活现状与改变风险进行理性选择的结果。

With the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River rising to the level of a major national strategy, the protection of its water resources has become one of the most important topics of ecological practice in China. In the middle reaches of the Yellow River, it is manifested in the country’s vigorous promotion of water-saving agriculture and the systematic management of the Wuliangsu Lake basin. The promotion of advanced ecological technologies is an important element of the current ecological governance. However, the promotion and application of ecological technologies in practice is often not as effective as it should be. This paper takes the popularization of drip irrigation technology in the Hong village, which is located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, as a case study to examine the reasons for the difficulties in promoting drip irrigation technology based on environmental anthropology and social-ecological systems research perspectives.
This paper finds that prior to the entry of drip irrigation technology, the Hong village has established a complete water management system and indigenous ecological knowledge of the Yellow River and precipitation water resources under the natural conditions of long-term land salinization, forming a coupled social-ecological system. As an external disturbance, the interaction between drip irrigation technology and other elements of the village’s social-ecological system is characterized by spatial heterogeneity and time lag. The heterogeneity is reflected in the fact that the drip irrigation system, being influenced by the Wuliangsu Lake and the irrigation system, results in an “unintended” consequence of pipe damage and a predictable increase in costs. The lagging is manifested by the fact that the precise control of water quantity by drip irrigation technology makes the control of land salinization less effective and shows a lag in ecological function, which results in the risk of ecological damage. In addition, the lack of integration of the Hong village and the increasing demands of individual interests have led to the phenomenon of “water and fertilizer theft”, increasing the risk of loss for users of drip irrigation technology. In this process, local ecological knowledge, livelihood risks and risk awareness are key factors influencing actors’ attitudes and choices.
Local knowledge, livelihood risks and risk awareness are key factors influencing actors' attitudes towards drip irrigation technology. On the one hand, in the long-term production practice process, the Hong Village formed the concept of "pressing alkali" and "raising land" and the ecological practice of "planting corn to improve the land", under the guidance and regulation of local knowledge, the villagers' requirements for irrigation technology are not only the generation of short-term economic benefits, but also the realization of the sustainability of agricultural system development. On the other hand, under the long-term fragile agricultural economy, out of risk-averse survival rationality, villagers are more cautious about the potential risks and expected costs of technological change. Therefore, in the face of the expected cost, ecological risk and loss risk of drip irrigation technology, the conservative behavior of villagers is the result of their rational choice of cost and income, long-term benefit and short-term benefit, living situation and change risk.