作为人类的生产、生活中心，城市在一片繁荣兴盛景象的背后，也遭受到水质恶化、大气污染、垃圾肆虐、能源匮乏、生态破坏、居民健康水平下降等各种生态环境问题的困扰，城市可持续发展面临着巨大的挑战。以系统生态学的观点重新审视城市生态系统，探究城市生态系统健康的内涵，明晰城市生态系统健康所应包含的要素，构建不确定性城市生态系统健康综合评价模型，多角度、多层次、全方位地反映城市生态系统健康状况，对于提高城市生态环境质量、改善城市生态系统管理具有重大的现实与理论意义。本研究重点围绕城市生态系统健康进行了系统模拟与评价，在总结出城市生态系统健康关键要素的基础上，综合考虑支撑城市系统发展的物质流、能量流、信息流、劳动力和货币流以及环境影响，辨识限制城市健康发展的瓶颈因子，构建了相应的城市生态系统健康评价框架；考虑城市系统的复杂性、开放性和人为主导性，引入集对分析方法，首次建立城市生态系统健康的集对分析综合评价模型；结合土地利用类型，采用GIS技术，以广州市为案例研究城市生态系统健康水平的空间分布；并从空间上开展了北京、天津、上海、深圳等26个典型城市的生态系统健康评价案例研究，以及时间上对北京市1986-2005年间生态系统健康状况的动态模拟和分析。主要研究内容和结论如下：（1）城市生态系统的复杂性、开放性和人为主导性导致了城市生态系统健康评价的不确定性。因此，需要根据城市生态系统结构、功能和物质能量代谢过程，强调城市生态系统健康评价中的不确定性和相对性，总结出城市生态系统健康评价之要素。通过对典型城市生态系统健康状况的相对比较，可以为各个城市明晰自身不足、改善生态环境起到现实指导作用。（2）鉴于城市生态系统健康评价是一种要兼顾多方面因素的多属性评价问题，需要量化其不确定性，故引入集对分析方法。在城市生态系统健康这一问题背景下，针对各个具有联系的评价指标集合，分析多个城市生态系统间的联系度。在确定了城市生态系统对象及建立相应评价指标体系的基础上，构造由多个指标最优值组成的最优评价集，通过相应的模型将各个城市生态系统单个指标的相对联系度系统合成一个多指标与最优评价集的相对贴近度，以简单明了地反映各个城市生态系统的相对健康状况。由于最优评价集这个参照标准产生于被评价的各个城市生态系统内部，并会随着时间推移动态更新，可以避免人为确定评价标准时主观性和静态性的干扰。（3）从结构、功能、活动、发展演化规律诸方面来看，城市都具有明显的生命特征。为系统地描述城市生态系统，采用比拟思想，将生命体概念引入到城市生态系统健康评价中，提出了包含生产力、生活态、生态势、生机度四个维度，分别从经济子系统、社会子系统、自然子系统及生态调控子系统来综合表征城市生态系统健康状态的城市生命力指数框架。针对城市生态系统特征，参照现有城市生态系统健康指标，并结合SPSS的Pearson相关性分析结果，构建了包括目标层、准则层、要素层、指标层的城市生命力指数评价指标体系。结合集对分析方法，利用信息熵确定指标权重，建立了城市生命力指数的综合评价模型，以各个城市生命力指数与最优评价集的相对贴近度来测度各个城市生态系统的相对健康状况。（4）城市承载着大量物质、能量、信息、资金和人口的流动。城市经济、社会、自然子系统中各种生态流之于城市生命体就如血液之于生物，其流通、转换与循环状况，对城市生态系统健康具有重要影响。本研究采用能值分析统一核算和动态模拟城市代谢过程中的物质、能量、信息等各种生态流，将社会经济系统与自然系统有机联系起来，探讨反映城市系统的能量等级、环境容纳能力、生态经济效率等，深入揭示城市系统的结构功能特征及其与环境相互作用的模式。根据能值分析指标，结合城市生态系统健康评价要素，从活力、组织结构、恢复力、服务功能维持、与环境作用5方面入手，构建了城市生态系统健康能值指数，重点从生物物理角度描述城市生态系统健康状况。与集对分析方法结合，建立了城市生态系统健康能值指数综合评价模型。（5）城市生命力指数和城市生态系统健康能值指数是从不同层面、有所侧重地描述城市生态系统健康状况，前者主要针对宏观表象层面，从社会、经济、自然及调控子系统出发，侧重城市系统内部子系统组分的指标；后者则从生物物理层面，关注城市生态系统的内在资源代谢及其与支撑环境的互动。城市生态系统组成要素的复杂性、功能的多元性，决定了其健康不能仅考虑某一要素某一方面，而要兼顾各个层面各个要素。因此，综合生命力指数与生态系统健康能值指数，以城市生命力指数框架为基准，即从生产力、生活态、生态势、生机度四个维度出发，将能值指标纳入其中，构建了城市能值-生命力指数，不仅可以综合反映城市生态系统健康状况，也可以通过与前两种指数评价结果的比较分析，考查生物物理层面状况对城市生态系统健康状态的影响。进一步与集对分析结合，建立了城市能值-生命力指数综合评价模型。（6）通过构建基于以上三种城市生态系统健康指数的评价模式，针对城市生态系统健康状态的复杂性、开放性和不确定性，力求从不同层面和侧重点对城市生态系统健康状态进行动态时空模拟与评价，为多层次城市生态管理与调控提供理论依据和技术支撑。（7）根据构建的城市生态系统健康评价的三种指数，分别开展了时间和空间维度上的案例研究。① 空间维度的城市生态系统健康相对状况选择北京、天津、上海、深圳等26个典型城市作为研究对象，选用2005年数据，分别针对生命力指数、生态系统健康能值指数、能值-生命力指数，开展了基于集对分析的相对评价，包括对各城市间三种指数综合状况的比较，也包括城市间分指数的相对比较，还包括对各城市内部各个分指数相对情况的分析。并在评价结果的基础上进一步开展了各指数的系统聚类分析以及区划研究。各个城市可以通过考查其与其它城市的相对位置，更直观地认识自身健康状况；也可以通过城市内部各个分指数的相对情况，明确城市生态系健康的瓶颈因子，为城市健康发展提供决策依据。重点针对城市生态系统健康能值指数，以集对分析综合评价模型为基础，结合土地利用类型，采用GIS技术，比较各利用类型土地子系统间物质能量代谢层面的相对健康状况，并以广州市为案例开展城市生态系统健康能值指数的空间分布研究。② 时间维度的城市生态系统健康变化情况基于集对分析方法，动态模拟与评价北京市1986-2005年间三种指数的变化情况，包括对各年间三种指数综合状况的分析，也包括各年间分指数的相对比较，还包括对各年内各个分指数相对情况的比较。并在评价结果基础上进行了各指数预测。通过综合评价既可以分析北京市研究期内生态系统健康的变化趋势；也可以通过各年内各个分指数的相对情况，明确北京城市系统管理和生态规划中急需加强的方面。

As the center of human activities and social civilization, city has prosperously developed at the cost of serious environmental degradation and huge eco-environmental pressure brought by air pollution, water resource scarcity and energy shortage, which further lower the human living standard and impeded the sustainable development of the urban ecosystem. In order to mitigate these serious eco-environmental problems and develop holistic policies for integrated urban ecosystem management, much attention should be paid to explore the connotation, identify the components, and establish the integrated uncertainty assessment model of the urban ecosystem health from the systems ecology perspective.This study mainly focuses on the systematic simulation and assessment of the urban ecosystem health. Based on the essential compoments of the urban ecosystem health, the limiting factors restricting the urban ecosystem health are identified and the corresponding urban ecosystem health assessment framework is constructed, considering the materials, energy, information, labor and currency flows sustaining the urban ecosystem as well as environmental impacts. Regarding the complexity, openness and human-dominance, the set pair analysis (SPA) is introduced to quantify the integrated uncertainty urban ecosystem health assessment model. Case studies have been conducted based on the proposed models in spatial dimension, including the distributed urban ecosystem health level of Guangzhou combined with land use type and GIS technology, the relative health levels of 26 typical cities, such as Being, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenzhen and so forth, and in the temporal dimension, comprising the dynamic health levels of Beijing city during the concerned period 1986-2005. The main contents and conclusions are given as below:(1) Due to the uncertainty induced by the complexity, openness and human-dominance of the urban ecosystem health, the essential components should be identified to emphasize the uncertainty and relativity of the corresponding assessment procedure according to the structure, function and materials and energy metabolism of the urban ecosystem. Comparison of the health levels of the typical cities may present concrete guides for the improvement of the eco-environment.(2) SPA is introduced to quantify the uncertainty considering the multi-attributes of the urban ecosystem health. With regard to the related evaluation indices sets, the connection degrees among various urban ecosystems are analyzed. Based on the determined urban ecosystem associated with its evaluation indices framework, the optimal assessment set is constructed with multiple optimal values, and the relative approximate degree is derived from different connection degrees through proposed model to reflect the relative health levels of various urban ecosystems. Since the optimal assessment set is derived from the concerned urban ecosystems, and updated over time, the subjectivity of the assessment standard can be avoided.(3) To describe the vital characteristics of the urban ecosystem from perspectives of structure, function, performance and evolution, the concept of urban vital organism is introduced to vividly and systematically assess the urban ecosystem health status. Covering producing power, living status, ecological ascendancy and vital force, the framework of urban vitality index is also constructed to represent the urban ecosystem health status from the economic subsystem, social subsystem, natural subsystem and ecological regulatory subsystem, respectively. Combined with Pearson relation analysis results of SPSS software, the concrete index system including objective layer, criteria layer, factor layer and index layer is set up with reference to the presented urban ecosystem health indices regarding the urban characteristics. With SPA, the index weight is determined by information entropy method and the urban vitality assessment model is established to measure the relative approximate degrees of each case city’s vital index and the optimal assessment set and thereby the relative health status of each urban ecosystems.(4) Carried with large amount of materials, energy, information, capital and people, the circulation and transformation of the flows among the economic subsystem, social subsystem and natural subsystem, like the blood of the organism, have significant impacts on the urban ecosystem health. This study accounts and simulate the materials, energy and information flows of the urban metabolism procedure to connect the social economic subsystem with natural subsystem, probe into the energy hierarchy, environmental capacity and ecological economic efficiency, and reveal the characteristics of the structures and functions of the urban ecosystem and its interaction mode with the surrounding environment based on emergy analysis. According to the emergy-based indicators combined with the essential components of the urban ecosystem health, the emergy-based urban ecosystem health model is established from vigor, organization, resilience, function maintenance, and environmental impact to shed light on the biophysical status of the urban ecosystem health.(5) Urban vitality index and emergy-based urban ecosystem health index intend to describe the health status of the urban ecosystem from different perspectives and with different emphases. The former consideres the indices of the components inside the urban ecosystem in view of the social, economic, natural and ecological regulation subsystems, while the latter concerns the internal resource metabolism and interactions with the surrounding environment. Integrating the vitality index and emergy-based indices, and in view of producing power, living status, ecological ascendancy and vital force, the emergy-based indices are incorporated into the framework of urban vitality index to reflect the urban ecosystem health status, thus quantifying the biophysical influences on the urban ecosystem health compared with the former proposed indices. Further, the SPA is also combined to establish the integrated uncertainty urban ecosystem health assessment model.(6) This study aims to construct three kinds of urban ecosystem health assessment modes, with regard to the complexity, openness and uncertainty, intending to dynamically simulate and assess the urban ecosystem health status in both spatial and temporal dimensions so as to provide theory and technical support for the multi-level urban ecosystem management and regulation.(7) According to the proposed indices from the models mentions above, case studies of typical Chinese cities are conducted in spatial and temporal dimensions as below:① Urban ecosystem health assessment in spatial dimensionChoosing 26 typical cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenzhen etc. as research objectives, three kinds of relative assessment based on SPA are performed covering integrated situations and individual assessing layers, by which each city can recognize its health status and identify the limiting factors through comparison of the proposed indices.With regard to the emergy-based urban ecosystem health index, a case study of Guangzhou is conducted based on land use type combining with GIS technology, within which the distributed relative health levels of urban ecosystem are obtained.② Urban ecosystem health assessment in temporal dimensionThe evolution of Beijing during the period 1986-2005 are dynamically simulated with three kinds of relative assessment based on SPA, covering integrated situations and individual assessing layers, from which the change trends of the urban ecosystem health of Beijing can be highlighted and its limiting factors can be identified to strengthen the urban ecosystem management and ecological regulation.