在互联网公司“996”加班文化盛行、全员内卷的当下社会，人们对于时间稀缺性的感知越发强烈。由于个体缺少时间来完成多重任务所带来的时间压力，使人们的生活方式产生了潜移默化的改变，时间压力对个体的影响也越来越受到人们的关注。

那时间压力会对主观幸福感产生怎样的影响呢？有研究发现时间压力对主观幸福感起到损耗作用，但部分研究发现存在一种促进作用，故产生“时间压力—幸福感悖论”。本研究基于此悖论，以情绪作为具体切入点，试图探究此悖论背后的心理机制。根据情感事件理论，本研究认为，当个体经历时间压力时，同时存在两条处理路径：一条是时间压力导致个体焦虑，从而降低个体主观幸福感体验；另一条是时间压力会促进个体的专注程度，而这种积极情绪会帮助个体提高主观幸福感，从而导致悖论的出现。与此同时，个体的神经质水平可能对路径的选择产生影响，从而对个体情绪和主观幸福感产生不同的反应。基于此，本研究假设：（1）焦虑在时间压力对主观幸福感的影响中起到中介作用，时间压力增加个体焦虑情绪，进而降低主观幸福感。（2）专注在时间压力与主观幸福感影响中起到中介作用，时间压力促进个体专注，从而提升主观幸福感；（3）神经质影响焦虑和专注路径在时间压力对主观幸福感影响中的相对重要性，即对于高神经质个体，焦虑在时间压力对主观幸福感的负向影响中起中介作用；对于低神经质个体，专注在时间压力对主观幸福感的正向影响中起中介作用。

本文共两个子研究，研究一使用问卷法探究时间压力对个体主观幸福感的影响，对182份有效数据分析后发现，时间压力对主观幸福感的影响同时存在促进和损耗作用，焦虑和专注的中介效应均显著。在不同的神经质水平下，个体专注和焦虑的中介作用也呈现出不同的结果，低神经质个体选择专注路径。研究二采用经验取样法从个体内角度出发验证时间压力对主观幸福感影响的内在机制，进行为期4个工作日的经验抽样后，对100名被试的400个研究数据分析后发现，在时间压力对主观幸福感的影响中，焦虑的中介效应显著，专注的中介效应边缘显著。在不同的神经质水平下，高神经质个体焦虑的中介作用显著，而低神经质个体专注的中介效应显著，从而影响个体的主观幸福感。

本研究在理论层面验证了“时间压力—幸福感”的双路径模型，为“时间压力—幸福感悖论”提供了一个解释方向，考虑从个体情绪的角度出发探究压力源对个体自身的影响；拓展了时间压力研究领域的思路，即从同一角度的不同路径出发来探究时间压力对幸福感的影响机制；同时将问卷研究与经验取样这两种测量方法进行了结合，丰富了时间压力领域的研究方法。在实践层面，焦虑和专注的影响得到验证，可以创造条件降低个体焦虑水平并促进个体专注。此外，神经质的作用也日益凸显，如何根据员工的不同人格特质来选择不同的工作分配方式、激励措施等，能更好的促进员工面对压力的调节能力，从而营造一个更和谐的工作氛围，也成为了管理者们需要深入思考的问题。

In the current society where the "996" overtime culture is prevalent in internet companies and all employees are on the inside, the perception of time scarcity is becoming more and more intense. The time pressure caused by the lack of time to multi-task has led to subtle changes in people's lifestyles, and the impact of time pressure on individuals is becoming more and more of a concern.

How does time pressure affect subjective well-being? Some studies have found that time pressure has a depleting effect on subjective well-being, but some studies have found a facilitating effect, giving rise to the 'time-pressure-happiness paradox'. Based on this paradox, this study seeks to explore the psychological mechanisms behind this paradox, using emotions as a specific entry point. Based on emotional event theory, this study suggests that when individuals experience time stress, there are two simultaneous processing pathways: one is that time stress leads to anxiety, which decreases the individual's subjective well-being experience; the other is that time stress promotes the individual's level of concentration, and this positive emotion helps the individual to increase subjective well-being, leading to the paradox. At the same time, an individual's level of neuroticism may have an impact on the choice of path, thus producing different responses to individual emotions and subjective well-being. Based on this, this study hypotheses that (1) anxiety mediates the effect of time pressure on subjective well-being, with time pressure increasing individuals' anxiety, which in turn decreases subjective well-being. (2) Concentration plays a mediating role in the effect of time stress on subjective well-being; time stress promotes individuals' concentration, which in turn enhances subjective well-being; (3) Neuroticism influences the relative importance of anxiety and concentration pathways in the effect of time stress on subjective well-being, i.e. for individuals with high neuroticism, anxiety plays a mediating role in the negative effect of time stress on subjective well-being; for individuals with low neuroticism, concentration plays a mediating role in the For low neuroticism individuals, preoccupation mediates the positive effect of time pressure on subjective well-being.

Study 1 used a questionnaire to investigate the effects of time stress on subjective well-being. Analysis of 182 validated data revealed that there were both facilitative and attritional effects of time stress on subjective well-being, with significant mediating effects for both anxiety and concentration. The mediating effects of individual concentration and anxiety also showed different results at different levels of neuroticism, with low neuroticism individuals choosing the concentration path. Study 2 used an experience sampling method to verify the mechanisms underlying the effects of time stress on subjective well-being from an intra-individual perspective. After a four-working-day experience sampling, analysis of 400 study data from 100 subjects revealed a significant mediating effect of anxiety and a borderline significant mediating effect of concentration in the effects of time stress on subjective well-being. At different levels of neuroticism, the mediating effect of anxiety was significant for individuals with high neuroticism, while the mediating effect of concentration was significant for individuals with low neuroticism, thus affecting their subjective well-being.

This study validates the two-path model of "time stress-happiness" at the theoretical level and provides an explanation for the "time stress-happiness paradox" by considering the effect of stressors on individuals' emotions. The study also expands the field of time stress research by exploring the mechanisms of time stress on well-being from different paths of the same perspective. At the practical level, the effects of anxiety and concentration are validated, creating conditions that reduce individual anxiety levels and promote individual concentration. In addition, the role of neuroticism is becoming increasingly evident, and it has become a matter for managers to think deeply about how to choose different work assignments and incentives according to the different personality traits of their employees, which can better promote their ability to regulate themselves in the face of stress and thus create a more harmonious working atmosphere.