随着我国快速城镇化、经济社会的快速发展，人类活动对生态系统结构、过程与功能的影响程度不断加深，国土空间特别是城市空间的功能遭到破坏，并威胁到其提供生命支持和人类福祉的能力。作为生态系统服务的主要来源，生态空间是实现区域可持续发展的重要基础。北京作为首都，长期以来面临着严峻的水资源、水生态和水环境考验，水资源总量不足、城市内涝等问题显著。结合最新的城市战略定位，水生态系统服务功能恢复与提升成为保障北京城市竞争力的关键。在当前国土空间布局优化背景下，揭示城市空间功能与生态空间演变及其对水生态系统服务的影响机理，提出相应调控对策，对提升水生态系统服务、促进城市绿色转型发展，具有重要意义。

本文从城市空间功能分类（“三生”空间）的视角，以北运河流域为例，研究了城市空间的演变机制；基于“结构-过程-功能-服务”逻辑框架，分析了城市生态空间与水生态系统服务的影响机制；在内涵界定、分析框架等理论探讨基础上，基于模拟分析了水生态系统服务的（水供给和水调节）关键指数；基于规划的情景模拟，揭示了生态空间与水生态系统服务的影响机理；综合分析，提出了提升水生态系统服务的调控对策。论文得到的主要结论有：

1）在系统文献梳理的基础上，基于城市空间演变、生态空间概念界定及识别方法研究、水生态系统服务理论与实证分析，构建了城市空间功能与水生态系统服务影响机理的理论分析框架。城市区域（如典型流域）受剧烈的城市化进程的影响，城市空间格局受到影响，生态空间受到挤占，生态系统服务（如水生态系统服务）供应能力受到威胁。从“三生”空间的视角在分析城市空间演变机制的基础上，结合水文模型对水生态系统服务关键指数的模拟结果及基于规划的情景分析结果探析了生态空间演变对水生态系统服务的影响机理。

2）在城市空间概念及功能分类分析的基础上进行了“三生”空间演变模拟，1990年以来北运河流域的“三生”空间演变强烈、区域差异显著。生活空间以东城区和西城区为中心向外扩张，侵占周边地域空间明显；生产空间受到生活空间的挤占，面积显著减少，分布逐渐零散；生态空间由于主要分布于山区，规模及结构变化不显著。虽然在过去的30年里人口增长和经济发展导致的建设用地扩张是城市空间演变的主要驱动力，但近年来随着主体功能区战略等相关政策对城市空间协调发展的引导作用逐渐增强，基于城市总体规划的宏观调控所发挥的效用逐渐凸显，“三生”空间面积趋于稳定，结构趋于平衡。

3）生态空间演变的水生态系统服务作用明显，尤其是对水供给和水调节服务等关键指数影响显著且具有复杂性。1990-2019年流域产水量年际变幅较大，总体呈减少趋势；产水量受降水总量、雨强影响较大，具有明显的季节性特征。生态空间的存在使地表截留作用增强，有助于减少地表径流、削减洪峰；生态空间在汛期储水潜力较大，非汛期释水潜力较大，具有削峰补枯的作用。生态空间面积增加虽导致流域产水量减少，但使地下水补给量增加，有助于区域地下水位恢复与抬升；也使产水高值区面积和产水峰值有效减少，有助于缓解洪涝威胁；进一步导致以释水为主的区域面积增加，以储水为主的区域面积减少，同时也使生态空间在丰水年的储水功能转变为释水功能，在汛期储水、非汛期释水转变为汛期释水、非汛期储水，有可能加重区域洪涝和干旱的程度。

4）基于关键指数模拟及规划的情景模拟结果探析了生态空间变化对关键水生态系统服务—水供给和水调节的影响机理。研究发现生态空间的存在使地表径流减少，地下径流和侧向流增加，进一步导致整个流域出口总产水量的减少，使得地表水的供给服务减弱。生态空间面积增加的情况下，在地表径流减少的同时，地下径流和侧向流减少，也会导致流域总产水量减少，地表水供给服务变弱。但生态空间存在和面积增加均会导致地下水补给量增加，地下水供给服务增强。相比之下，生态空间的水调节服务由于受到生态空间本身（生态系统）吸收、蒸腾等作用的影响在水调节量，对地下水补给、径流调节的影响及储水释水潜力等方面表现出了多样化的特征，具有复杂性。

5）基于《北京城市总体规划（2016-2035年）》的情景模拟揭示了生态空间时空演变规律，2035年生态空间面积增加，分布更加集中，“三生”空间的异质性降低，连通性增加。探析了规划情景下水生态系统服务时空分异性与提升潜力，降水越多流域总产水量越多，产水高值区面积越大，产水量峰值越大，发生洪涝的可能性越大。水调节服务时空分异性明显，时间上，丰水年及平水年、枯水年的汛期：释水>储水，特枯水年及平水年、枯水年的非汛期：储水>释水；空间上，储水区域面积：枯水年>平水年>特枯水年>丰水年，释水区域面积：丰水年>特枯水年>平水年>枯水年。

结合北京市实践，探讨了水生态系统服务调控机制问题，提出了“逐步恢复水供给功能、多角度协同提升水调节服务、增加中心城区生态空间规模、通过分区控制加强流域综合治理等”旨在促进水生态系统服务提升的调控对策。

With the rapid development of urbanization as well as the economy and society, the impact of human activities on the structure, process and function of the ecosystem has continued to deepen. The function of land space, especially the urban space, has been destroyed, threatening the ability in the provision of life support and human wellfare. Being the main source of ecosystem service, ecological space provides important foundation for regional sustainable development. As the capital of China, Beijing has been facing severe water resources, water ecology, and water environment tests for a long time, problems like insufficient water resources, urban waterlogging are prominent. Considering the latest urban strategic positioning, the restoration and improvement of water-related ecosystem service have become the key to ensure the competitiveness of Beijing. Thus, to reveal the evolution of urban function, urban ecological space, and their influence mechanism on water-related ecosystem service, to propose corresponding control countermeasures, are of great significance for the improvement of water-related ecosystem services and the practice of urban green transformation.

In this study, the evolution mechanism of the urban space was analyzed from the perspective of the production, living, and ecological spaces classification results. Based on the logical framework of ‘structure-process-function-service’, the relationship of the urban ecological space and water-related ecosystem service was analyzed. Through a theoretical discussion about the connotation definition and analysis framework, the key indicators of water-related ecosystem services (water supply and water regulation) were analyzed based on the simulation results. The influence mechanism between the ecological space and water-related ecosystem service was revealed according to the scenario analysis results. Through a comprehensive analysis, the control measures to promote the improvement of water-related ecosystem services was proposed. The main conclusions are summarized as follows:

1) On the basis of systematic literature review, analysis of the evolution of urban space, the definition and the identification of the ecological space, and the theory and empirical analysis of water-related ecosystem service, a theoretical analysis framework of ecological space evolution and its influence mechanism on water-related ecosystem service was constructed. Urban areas (such as a typical river basin) are affected by the violent urbanization process causing the urban spatial pattern being affected and the ecological space being squeezed, thus the supply capacity of ecosystem services (such as water-related ecosystem service) is threatened. Based on the analysis of the urban spatial evolution mechanism from the perspective of the production, living, and ecological spaces, combined with the hydrological model's simulation as well as the planning-based scenario analysis results of the key indicators of water-related ecosystem service, the influence mechanism of the ecological space on the water-related ecosystem service was explored.

2) The evolution of the production, living, and ecological spaces was simulated based on the analysis of the concept and functional classification of the urban space. The results show that the production, living, and ecological spaces in the Beiyunhe River Basin has undergone a relatively drastic changing process since 1990, which is concentrated in the outwards expansion of the living space from the Dongchegn and Xicheng districts occupying the surrounding land space obviously. The production space has been squeezed by the living space with the area significantly reduced and the distribution gradually scattered. The ecological space is mainly distributed in the mountainous area with the scale and structure change insignificantly. Although the expansion of the built-up area caused by population growth and economic development in the past 30 years had been the main driving force for the evolution of urban space. Results indicate that the utility of the macro-control by the urban master plan has gradually become prominent in recent years since the strategy of development priority zones and other related policies have strengthened the guiding role of the coordinated development of urban space. Under this circumstance, the area ratio of the production, living, and ecological spaces tends to be stable and the structure of the production, living, and ecological spaces tends to be balanced.

3) The evolution of the ecological space has obvious effect on the water-related ecosystem service, especially the significant and complex impacts on key indicators such as water supply and water regulation. Results of the water yield in the Beiyunhe River Basin demonstrated a large inter-annual variation from 1990 to 2019, however, the overall trend was decreasing. Water yield has obvious seasonal characteristics and can be greatly affected by precipitation and rain intensity. The existence of the ecological space enhances the interception effect, which helps to reduce surface runoff and flood peak as well. Greater water storage potential during flood seasons, and greater water release potential during non-flood seasons can be found, indicating the effect of the ecological space in flood peak reduction and water replenishment in dry conditions. Although a decrease trend in water yield can be obtained with the increase in the area of ecological space, an increase in the amount of groundwater replenishment helps to restore and raise the regional groundwater level. Moreover, the increase in the area of ecological space effectively reduce the area with high and peak water yield, which helps to alleviate the threat of flood. Besides, the total amount of water regulation, especially in flood seasons reduces, while that in non-flood season increases. With the area of ecological space increases, the water storage potential in Abundant Water Year changes to water release potential. Moreover, the water storage potential in flood seasons and the water release potential in non-flood seasons reverse, leading to an increase in the area with water release potential and a decrease in the area with water srorage potential, which may aggravate the extent of floods and droughts.

4) Based on the simulation as well as the planning-based scenario analysis results of the key index, the influence mechanism of the existence and change of ecological space on key water ecosystem service-water supply and water regulation was explored. The results show that the existence of ecological space reduces surface runoff, and increases underground runoff and lateral flow, which further leads to a decrease in the total water production at the outlet of the entire basin weakening the supply of surface water. With the increase of the ecological space, both the surface runoff, the underground runoff and lateral flow decrease, which also lead to the decrease of the total water production in the basin and the weakening of surface water supply service. However, the existence and the the increase of the ecological space will lead to an increase in groundwater replenishment and an increase in groundwater supply services. In contrast, the water regulation service of the ecological space is complex and shows diversified characteristics in terms of the amount of water regulation, groundwater replenishment, runoff regulation, and the water storage and release potential of the ecological space.

5) The scenario analysis based on the ‘Beijing City Master Plan (Year 2016-2035)’ reveals the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the ecological space. In 2035, the area of the ecological space will increase and the distribution will be more concentrated, the heterogeneity of the production, living and ecological spaces will decrease and the connectivity will increase. The temporal and spatial differentiation and improvement potential of the water-related ecosystem service under the planning scenario was analysed. Under the planning scenario, the more precipitation, the more water yield, the larger area with high water yield, the greater peak water yield will be, indicating the greater possibility of flood. The water regulation service has obvious temporal and spatial differentiation, temporally speaking, in the Abundant Water Year, the flood seasons of the Normal Water Year and the Dry Year, water release potential > water storage potential; in the Extremely Dry Year, the non-flood seasons of the Normal Water Year and the Dry Year, water storage potential > water release potential. Spatially speaking, areas have water storage potential, the Dry Year > the Normal Water Year > the Extremely Dry Year > the Abundant Water Year; areas have water release potential, the Abundant Water Year > the Extremely Dry Year > the Normal Water Year > the Dry Year.

Considering the practical fact of Beijing, the issue of the regulation mechanism of water-related ecosystem services was discussed, and the control countermeasures aiming to the promotion of water-related ecosystem service, like ‘restoring the water supply function gradually, coordinating to improve the water regulation service from multiple angles, increasing the scale of the ecological space in the central urban area, strengthening the integrated management of the river basin through zoning control’, were proposed.