考古工作中经常需要对大型文物进行无损探测，从而在保护文物的完整性的基础上对文物内部结构进行研究，现有的考古学中的地球物理方法存在一定的局限性，因此需要发展新的探测技术，近年来快速发展的μ子成像为文物的无损探测提供了新的技术手段。为了在对像帝王陵墓这样的大型文物的考古研究中获得更准确更丰富的结构信息，本文基于模拟研究的方法，尝试使用μ子吸收成像技术，利用物质的密度、厚度差异引起的μ子通量差异对秦始皇陵地宫进行成像研究以验证μ子成像技术在大型文物成像方面的应用潜力。模拟实验中使用GEANT4构建了秦始皇陵地宫模型，使用Reyna总结的海平面μ子能谱公式抽样建立了初始μ子的信息，模拟了宇宙射线μ子在秦始皇陵地宫中的输运过程，对穿过地宫模型中不同区域后μ子的通量变化进行了分析，基于模拟数据重建了其内部结构。模拟结果显示，通过μ子成像可以清晰反映出墓室和墓室周围的墙体，根据两个测量点的数据可以估算墓室大小，南北向长度：53.25m，东西向长度：85.69m，埋深在22m左右，与设定值吻合较好。本文研究结果表明μ子吸收成像技术对大型文物具有较好的成像能力。

Geophysical methods have been widely applied to archaeological studies to detect cultural relics without damaging them so as to protect the integrity of cultural relics, but the existing geophysical methods in archaeology still have certain limitations. Muon imaging provides a new technique for the nondestructive detection of cultural relics. In order to obtain more structural information of large cultural relics (e.g. imperial tombs) in the archaeological research accurately, this paper attempts to use muon radiography technology to image the underground palace of the mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang based on simulation to verify the application potential of muon radiography technology in the imaging of large-scale cultural relics. In the experiment, GEANT4 is used to build the underground palace model, to simulate the track of cosmic ray muons in the underground palace, to analyze the variation of muon flux intensity, therefore reconstruct the inner structure of the palace. According to the data acquired by the two detectors, the north-south length of the tomb is estimated to be 53.25m, east-west length is 85.69m, and the burial depth is about 22m, which is in good agreement with the expected value. The imaging ability of muon absorption imaging technology for large cultural relics is therefore verified by experiments.