人类记忆通常是准确的，但也可能发生歪曲，形成错误记忆。虚假信息效应是指当人们在经历一个事件后由于接触到虚假信息，而对原始事件的记忆发生歪曲而产生错误记忆的现象。具体来说，个体首先在原始事件阶段观看一系列事件图片，其次在事后信息阶段听到事件相关的陈述(其中包含部分虚假信息)，最后在记忆测试阶段根据原始的事件图片内容进行测验。虚假信息引发的错误记忆受到多种外部因素影响。该论文分别探究了时间间隔、重复施测及变化检测这三种因素对虚假信息引发错误记忆的影响。

研究一探究原始事件、事后信息与记忆测试这三阶段之间的时间间隔对虚假信息效应的影响。实验采用虚假信息范式，并保持原始事件阶段与记忆测试阶段之间的时间间隔不变，仅改变事后信息阶段的呈现时间点。通过比较长-短和短-长这两种时间间隔模式下错误记忆比率，结果发现短-长模式的错误记忆显著低于长-短模式，表明短-长模式下引发的虚假信息效应更低。研究二探究重复施测对虚假信息效应的影响。实验使用不同事件材料进行两次虚假信息范式的施测，两次施测间隔一天。结果发现错误记忆比率在第一次和第二次施测间存在显著正相关，表明虚假信息效应具有稳定性。通过比较虚假信息组与中性信息组在前后两次记忆比率变化上的差异，结果发现虚假信息组的错误记忆比率在前后两次施测间的下降程度显著高于中性信息组，这表明重复施测能够降低虚假信息效应。研究三探究事后信息的变化检测对虚假信息效应的影响。变化检测是指在事后信息阶段判断事后信息与原始信息是否一致。通过比较在变化检测成功与失败的试次上错误记忆比率的差异，结果发现在变化检测成功试次上错误记忆比率显著低于检测失败的试次。

综上，本论文探究了虚假信息引发错误记忆的三个影响因素，强调了信息源监测对降低虚假信息效应的重要性。主要体现在：(1)原始信息与虚假信息之间的时间间隔; (2)重复施测; (3)变化检测是否成功。

Human memory is generally accurate but is susceptible to distortion. The misinformation effect occurs when people’s memory of an event is distorted after exposure to post-event misleading information. In the misinformation paradigm, there are three stages. Participants first experience an event (i.e., the original-event stage), and then hear post-event narratives (i.e., the post-event stage), which contain misinformation about the event. Finally, they perform a three-alternative forced-choice recognition test for the original event (i.e., the memory-test stage). False memory induced by misinformation are influenced by various external factors. This thesis investigated the effects of three factors on the misinformation effect, including retention interval, retest, and change detection.

Study 1 investigated the effect of retention interval between original-event, post-event, and memory-test stages on the misinformation false memory. The study maintained the retention interval between the original-event stage and the memory-test stage and only manipulated the time point of the post-event stage. By comparing false memories in two retention interval patterns, which include long-short pattern and short-long pattern, results showed that false memory in short-long pattern was significantly lower than that in long-short pattern, suggesting that the short-long pattern was less influenced negatively by misinformation than the long-short pattern.

Study 2 investigated the effect of retest on the misinformation false memory. The study conducted two rounds, which used different events. In each round, a misinformation paradigm involved four stages (original-event, post-event, memory-test and memory-retest stages). Round 2 was conducted one day after round 1. Results showed that a significantly positive correlation between false memory in Session 1 and Session 2, indicating that the misinformation effect is stable. By comparing the change of memory performance in two sessions in misleading information group and neural information group, results showed that the decrease of false memory in Session 2 in misleading information group is significantly higher than neural information group, and revealed that test-retest design reduced the misinformation effect.

Study 3 investigated the effect of change detection of post-event information on the misinformation false memory. Change detection means that participants should reported whether any details had changed between original-event information and post-event information in post-event stage. By comparing the false memory in successful and unsuccessful change detection trials, results showed that the ratio of false memory in successful change detection trials was significantly lower than that in unsuccessful change detection trials.

In summary, this thesis investigated three factors influencing false memory induced by misinformation. It highlights the importance of the source monitoring in reducing misinformation false memory. Specifically, misinformation effect could be influenced by (1) the retention interval between original-event stage and post-event stage; (2) retest; and (3) the successful/unsuccessful change detection.