父亲在子女的养育中参与严重不足是一个在世界范围内的普遍现象。在传统 “男主外、女主内”的社会性别分工规范的影响下，母亲通常在家庭中承担了非常多的养育责任，母职被赋予神圣的光辉，而父亲的参与不足也因此有了合法性。随着社会变迁和转型，大众意识到父亲角色在养育中的重要性，并指出要明确父母双方在家庭教育中的主体责任，提倡父亲参与家庭养育工作。父亲的养育参与增长是否会改善亲子关系，进而对青少年抑郁会产生怎样的影响是本研究所关注的问题。

本研究以家庭系统理论为依托，以“中国教育追踪调查”（China Education Panel Survey，简称 CEPS）2014-2015年的追踪数据为基础，样本为9623和9213，考察了父亲是否参与（样本为9623）和参与时间（样本为9231）、亲子关系和青少年抑郁之间的关系。研究发现及结论如下：父亲在生活照料、娱乐互动、学业辅导方面的参与时间远远少于母亲；父亲在学业辅导中的参与对青少年抑郁具有积极效应，而在生活照料和娱乐互动中时间投入的积极效应未得到支持；父亲在学业辅导中的时间投入可以有效改善亲子关系，对亲子关系具有积极效应；亲子关系在父亲学业辅导时间投入与青少年抑郁之间具有部分中介的作用。

基于上述发现和结论，本研究认为应当在家庭中积极倡导父亲参与子女的养育，减轻母亲的养育压力，建立亲密的亲子关系，进而促进儿童青少年的发展。

It is a common phenomenon that fathers' involvement are seriously insufficient in the upbringing of their children in the worldwide. Under the influence of the traditional gender division of labor norms of "males take the lead outside and females take charge of the inside", mothers usually assume a lot of parenting responsibilities in the family. Motherhood is endowed with sacred brilliance, and thus the lack of participation of fathers is legitimized. With the social change and transformation, the public has realized the importance of father's role in parenting, and pointed out that the main responsibilities of both parents in family education should be clarified, and fathers should be encouraged to participate in family parenting. This study focuses on whether the increasing involvement of fathers in parenting will improve the parent-child relationship and how it will affect adolescent depression.

Based on the family system theory and the tracking data of China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) during 2014-2015, the samples are 9623 and 9213. The relationship between paternal involvement (sample 9623) and participation time (sample 9231), parent-child relationship, and adolescent depression was examined. The study found: father's participation time in daily care, entertainment interaction and academic guidance is far less than mothers; Father involvement in academic guidance has a positive effect on adolescent depression, but the positive effect of time involvement in daily care and entertainment interaction is not supported; Father's involvement in academic guidance can effectively improve parent-child relationship and has a positive effect on parent-child relationship; Parent-child relationship partially mediated the relationship between fathers' academic guidance time and adolescents' depression.

Based on the above findings and conclusions, this study suggests that fathers should be actively encouraged to participate in the parenting of their children in the family, so as to reduce mothers' parenting pressure and establish close parent-child relationship, thus promoting the development of children and adolescents.