退役军人的安置直接影响着军人社会地位，关系到社会稳定。自新中国成立以来，我国政府一直重视退役军人的安置工作。2019年《高职扩招专项工作实施方案》落地实施，首次将退役军人作为高职院校重点招收群体，给予免文化课考试和免学费等优惠的入学政策，让大批退役军人有了接受高职教育的机会。

在借鉴已有相关研究成果的基础上，采用问卷调查法和访谈法对高职院校退役军人学生学习适应性进行研究，通过自编的《高职院校退役军人学生学习适应性调查问卷》进行调查，经预测试检验，问卷信效度良好。回收有效问卷443份，问卷包括“个人学习因素”、“课程教学与管理”、“角色转变与人际关系”、“经济状况与专业认同”四个维度。

分析问卷数据后发现，高职院校退役军人学生的学习适应性总体处于一般水平。退役军人在“角色转变与人际关系”方面的适应性较好，而在“经济状况与专业认同”方面的适应性较差，在“个人学习因素”与“课程教学与管理”方面的适应性处于一般水平，且得分均值较为接近。经显著性检验得知，不同户籍、年龄、专业及婚姻状况的退役军人学习适应性不存在显著差异，而不同学校、服役年限、家庭人均年收入情况的退役军人学习适应性存在显著差异。访谈发现，影响高职院校退役军人学生学习适应性的主要原因有：学习目的较为功利，学习基础薄弱，学习能力不足；学习精力受到家庭和工作的牵扯，难以全身心投入到学习中；难以适应线上的教学和与管理方式，学习体验不佳等。

为了更好地达到国家资助退役军人进入高职院校学习的目的，提高退役军人学习适应性，需要国家在统一资助政策的基础上，差别化地针对特殊退役军人出台有关规定；高职院校应针对退役军人群体的特殊性，适当调整教学和管理方式；退役军人自身应主动适应身份转换，及早调整并适应高职院校的学生学习生活。

The resettlement of veterans has a direct impact on the social status of soldiers and social stability. Since the founding of new China, the Chinese government has always attached importance to the resettlement of student veterans. In 2019, the "Implementation plan for the special work of Higher Vocational enrollment expansion" was implemented. For the first time, veterans were taken as a key group and given preferential admission policies such as free cultural course examination and tuition, so that veterans had the opportunity to receive higher vocational education.

By using the methods of questionnaire and interview, this paper studies the learning adaptability of retired military students in higher vocational colleges. On the basis of the existing research results, the self-made "questionnaire on learning adaptability of retired military students in Higher Vocational Colleges" has been proved to be reliable and valid. 443 valid questionnaires were collected, including four dimensions of "personal learning factors", "curriculum teaching and management", "role change and interpersonal relationship", "economic status and professional identity".

After analyzing the questionnaire data, it is found that the learning adaptability of the retired military students in higher vocational colleges is at a general level, the adaptability in "role change and interpersonal relationship" is good, the adaptability in "economic status and professional identity" is poor, and the adaptability in "personal learning factors" and "curriculum teaching and management" is at a general level, And the average score is close. There is no significant difference in the learning adaptability of the retired military students with different registered residence, age, profession and marital status. The interview found that the main reasons that affect the learning adaptability of retired military students in higher vocational colleges are: the learning purpose is more utilitarian, the learning foundation is weak, and the learning ability is insufficient; Learning energy is affected by family and work, so it is difficult to devote to learning; It is difficult to adapt to the online teaching and management, poor learning experience and so on.

In order to better achieve the purpose of national funding for veterans to study in Higher Vocational Colleges and improve the learning adaptability of veterans, it is necessary for the state to issue relevant regulations for special veterans on the basis of unified funding policies. Higher vocational colleges should adjust the teaching and management methods according to the special status of retired soldiers. Retired military students should take the initiative to change their status and adapt to the study and life of students in Higher Vocational Colleges as soon as possible.