自改革开放以来，随着农村劳动生产率的逐步提高和产业结构的转变，大量的农民开始从土地当中解放出来，形成了规模庞大的“民工潮”。农民工在促进当地经济发展、加快我国工业化、城市化的进城中扮演着积极而且重要的角色。但是，对农民工的就业歧视问题也日渐突出，目前已经成为以人为本、建设“和谐社会”必需尽快解决的一个紧迫问题。本文利用中国社会科学院经济研究所的相关数据，经过计量分析后证实，在我国现阶段确实存在着较为严重的农民工就业歧视现象。在导致农民工就业歧视的诸多因素中，城乡分离的户籍制度是制度性根源。户籍制度造成了劳动力市场的二元分割，这不仅使得农民工和他们的家属不能得到城市永久居住的法律认可,他们的迁移预期只能是暂时性的或流动的，而且使他们在就业政策、保障体制和社会服务供给方面受到歧视性对待。在此基础上，本文对导致农民工就业歧视的几个重要因素进行了深入分析，围绕着教育与培训、职业隔离、社会资本、社会保障歧视以及歧视代际传递等问题展开了论述。其中，教育和培训不足形成了农民工的“前劳动力市场歧视”；职业隔离使农民工始终处于次要劳动力市场当中；社会资本和人力资本一道，影响着农民工就业歧视的广度和深度；社会保障歧视是在农民工无限供给和法律软约束的条件下，雇主利润最大化和最优福利选择的结果，它直接影响到农民工的收入水平和生存条件；农民工就业歧视不仅影响农民工自身，由于歧视的代际传递，实际上也使他们的后代陷入了被歧视的境地。对农民工的就业歧视不仅会给农民工自身带来经济上的损失和心理上的压力，最终也会给歧视者带来负面影响。进一步，歧视行为还会抑制整个国民经济的产出水平。实际上，对农民工的就业歧视是我国劳动力市场不完善和市场经济不发达的一个集中体现。本文还对农民工进城对城市经济社会带来的影响进行了分析，结果发现，农民工的大量涌入确实在一定程度上造成了城市公共设施的较大压力，刑事案件、交通安全事故和火灾发生率与城市农民工数量明显呈正相关。不过，对于另一个似是而非的命题:农民工进城造成了城镇职工失业下岗增多的问题，本文则给出了相反的结论。农民工就业歧视问题事关“和谐社会”的建设，一定要从战略高度来认识解决这个问题的重要性。认真解决好农民工就业歧视问题，应该从改革户籍制度，加强农民工人力资本和社会资本相结合“两手都要硬”的角度入手。同时进一步完善社会保障制度，充分发挥公共财政的公平性职能。

Since the reform and opening policy, owing to the rising of the production rate in the agriculture, large amount peasants are released from the land. Many of them flow into the cities and are called “the peasant tide”. The peasant workers play an important role in the process of the urbanization and the industrialization. But the problem of the discrimination against the peasant workers is becoming more and more serious, which has a bad influence on the economic and social development in China.This paper focuses on the measurement the employment discrimination and tries to explain the reasons. Using the data of the Economy Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the paper proves the fact of the discrimination against the peasant workers. Amount of the many factors of discrimination, the household register system that separates the peasants from the urban residents is the basis system root. And then, the paper analyses the other factors such as education, training, occupation segment, social capital, social security discrimination and generation transfer of discrimination. The deficiency in education and training make the peasant workers “former labor market discrimination”. Occupation segment forces them in the secondary labor market. As the human capital, the social capital affects the depth and widen of the discrimination. Under the hypothesis of infinite supply of the peasant workers and the law soft control, the employers are apt to discriminate them in the social security according to the profit maximization and the optimal welfare choice. It is great possibly for the peasant works to transfer the discrimination to their children.The employment discrimination against the peasant workers may bring huge cost not only to themselves but also to the employers. Furthermore, it may bring the national economy enormous loss. In fact, it is the major reflection of the labor market defects in China. Above all, the employment discrimination against the peasant workers sets up obstacles to construct harmonious society in China. In order to solve this problem quickly, we should reform the household register system; increase the education and training input for them; integrity the social security.