翻译批评的主体是翻译批评理论的基本问题之一，而本文的目的正在于探讨谁是翻译批评的主体。法国著名文学批评家蒂博代根据批评主体的不同将文学批评分为三类，分别是：自发的批评、职业的批评和大师的批评。其中，自发的批评由普通读者所作，职业的批评由大学教授所作，而大师的批评由大作家所作。本文以该分类为理论出发点，指出普通读者、教授、译者是翻译作品的主要三类批评主体。本文对每一类翻译批评主体的讨论都包括了以下四个方面：（1）翻译批评主体的身份和特性；（2）每一类批评主体所对应的特定翻译批评类型的形式；（3）每一类批评主体所对应的特定翻译批评类型的特点；以及（4）每一类批评主体所对应的特定翻译批评类型的意义和局限性。在这三类翻译批评主体当中，本文用了较多的篇幅论述普通读者作为翻译批评主体的情况，因为普通读者作为翻译批评主体的地位长期以来没有得到肯定。作者认为普通读者，即译作最广泛的接受者，应当也是翻译批评的主体之一，因为译者在翻译实践中向来以读者作为服务的对象，奈达以读者反应作为检验译文的标准，而接受美学也帮助确立了读者的中心地位。在对每一类翻译批评主体及其所对应的翻译批评类型逐一阐述之后，本文将1995年中国翻译界对于《红与黑》汉译的大讨论作为一典型案例，分析了普通读者、教授和译者参与其翻译批评的情况，并进一步指出在翻译批评活动中，普通读者、学术型教授和公认的译者这三类批评主体应当和谐共存──就翻译批评的整体而言，读者批评、教授批评和译者批评三者的作用是互补的；综合考虑这三类批评不仅有助于得出一个比较全面客观的评价，并且有助于推动翻译研究的进一步发展。关键词：翻译批评；翻译批评主体；蒂博代；普通读者；教授；译者

The thesis tries to identify who are the qualified translation criticism subjects,a fundamental issue of the theory of translation criticism. It presents the three types of literary criticism -- spontaneous criticism made by readers, professional criticism by professors and creative criticism by writers -- recognized by Thibaudet as the theoretical starting point, and suggests that the common readers, the professors and the translators should be the main three types of criticism subjects of a translation. In the addressing of each type of criticism subjects, these four aspects are illustrated: (1) an examination on their identity and attributes; (2) forms of their particular type of criticism; (3) characteristics of their criticism; and (4) significance and limitation of their criticism. Among the three types, the common readers are given the most attention, for their status as the translation criticism subject has been long denied. The thesis argues that the common readers are also criticism subjects of a translation, by showing evidence from translators’ awareness of readers in practice, Nida’s reader-response theory and the reception theory. After illustration of all the three types of translation criticism subjects and their particular types of criticism, the thesis makes it clear that the three types of criticism subjects represent three dynamic tendencies instead of static absolute divisions. Furthermore, it takes the nationwide discussion on the Chinese translation of Le Rouge et Le Noir (Red and Black) as a case study and goes on to advocate the coexistence of all the three types of criticism subjects in the translation criticism activity. The author believes that by incorporating the three types of subjects into the translation criticism practice, their different types of criticism cannot only lead to a comprehensive evaluation of a translation but also be conducive to the development of the study of translation. Keywords: translation criticism, translation criticism subjects, Thibaudet, common readers, the professors, the translators.