自然水体中多环芳烃（Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs）的存在会造成潜在的生态风险，并对人类健康产生影响。对水体各相中PAHs赋存情况的监测、研究对维护水生生态系统健康和人类健康都具有重要意义。本文收集并整理了近二十年我国河流湖泊水体各相及水生生物中PAHs赋存情况，探讨其时空分布规律，并使用特征比值法和因子分析法对其来源进行辨析。研究结果表明：（1）Σ₁₆PAHs在我国水体表层水和沉积物中的浓度范围分别为3.84 – 36031.82ng/L，2.25 - 64000 ng/g。淮河流域和海河流域分别是表层水和沉积物中Σ₁₆PAHs浓度最高的两个地区。（2）2000-2018年，除长江流域沉积物中Σ₁₆PAHs浓度在2004-2015年呈现明显上升趋势外，其他各研究亚区表层水和沉积物中Σ₁₆PAHs浓度均呈现下降趋势或先升后降趋势。（3）总体上，2010-2018年我国水体表层水和沉积物中Σ₁₆PAHs浓度相较前十年有大幅下降，但表层水多环芳烃污染在这一时段出现上升趋势。沉积物中总多环芳烃浓度在2010-2018年先升后降，五、六环多环芳烃浓度大幅增长。（4）我国河流湖泊水生动物体内Σ₁₆PAHs浓度范围为38-35205ng/g，水生植物体内浓度范围113-12347ng/g。同一地点动物体内PAHs浓度普遍高于植物，且营养级越高浓度越高。同一种属动物体内PAHs湖泊普遍高于河流。（5）全国河流湖泊PAHs来源解析结果表明，煤炭燃烧、炼焦、交通汽油柴油燃烧、木材薪柴燃烧、秸秆燃烧、天然气燃烧、石油源是我国水体多环芳烃的主要来源。

The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in natural water will cause potential ecological risks and impact on human health. The monitoring and research of PAHs in various media of water are of great significance to the maintenance of aquatic ecosystem health and human health. In this paper, PAHs occurrence in water and aquatic organisms of China in recent ten years was collected and sorted out, and the temporal and spatial distribution of PAHs was discussed. The sources of PAHs were analyzed by diagnostic ratio analysis and factor analysis. The results show that: (1) The concentration range of Σ₁₆PAHs in surface water and sediment was 3.84 – 36031.82 ng/L and 2.25 - 64000 ng/g respectively. Huaihe river basins and Haihe river basins were the two areas with the highest concentration of Σ₁₆PAHs in surface water and sediment respectively. (2) From 2000 to 2018, except for the obvious upward trend of Σ₁₆PAHs concentrations in sediments of Yangtze river basins during 2004-2015, the Σ₁₆PAHs concentrations in surface water and sediment of other sub study areas showed a downward trend or a first upward then downward trend. (3) On the whole, the concentration of Σ₁₆PAHs in surface water and sediment in 2010-2018 was significantly lower than that in the previous decade, but the concentration of Σ₁₆PAHs in surface water showed a fluctuating upward trend in this period. From 2010 to 2018, the concentration of Σ₁₆PAHs in the sediment first increased and then decreased, while the concentration of 5-ring and 6-ring PAHs in the sediment increased significantly. (4) The concentration range of Σ₁₆PAHs was 38-35205ng/g in aquatic animals and 113-12347ng/g in aquatic plants. The PAHs concentration of animals in the same site was generally higher than that of plants, and the higher the nutrition level was, the higher the PAHs concentration was. PAHs in the same phylum of animals are generally higher in lakes than in rivers.(5) The analysis of PAHs sources in rivers and lakes of China showed that coal combustion, coking, traffic gasoline and diesel combustion, firewood combustion, straw combustion, natural gas combustion and oil sources were the mean sources of PAHs in water.