保护体系的有效性评估及系统保护规划为自然资源保护与管理提供了重要的科学依据，是国际相关领域的研究热点，但目前主要应用于陆域生态系统，国际湿地保护实践迫切需要建立适用于湿地生态系统保护评价和保护规划的理论和方法，中国湿地保护也面临着保护效率不高、保护格局有待优化、优先保护区域确定缺乏科学论证等问题。本研究运用系统保护规划的理论方法，依托遥感与地理信息手段，对中国湿地保护的有效性进行评估；通过划分全国湿地生态地理综合分类类型确定湿地保护宏观目标，同时考虑流域湿地系统连续性和完整性，构建宏观尺度湿地生态系统保护规划方法；依据保护价值的不可替代性识别潜在的保护空缺，确定中国湿地保护的合理技术目标和优先格局，并据此对现有湿地保护格局进行系统优化。主要研究内容和研究结论如下：（1）结合湿地面积变化与景观格局的变化，通过湿地面积变化与景观格局变化的数量及空间分布，并进行分析，并最终提出全国尺度、保护区尺度以及流域尺度的多尺度湿地保护有效性评估方法。最终得到不同保护等级保护区的分布情况：保护效果最好保护区占所有保护区的面积比例最少，主要分布在西北诸河南部及长江上游部分地区；保护效果次之的保护区，主要分布在松花江流域中西部、西北诸河西北部；保护有效性较差的保护区数量最多，主要分布在长江流域及三江源地区；保护有效性最差的保护区主要分布在长江流域下游、西南诸河及滨海地区。这种由通过象限法反映的不同保护等级既反映了保护区保护状况的差异，也体现了人为干扰阶段和样式的不同。此外，在流域尺度与全国尺度上，将各时期湿地保护区内与所处三级流域单元内的湿地数量变化强度进行配对T检验，得到全国已有保护体系的保护有效性整体明显较差。（2）结合保护区所在区域人为干扰强度及其分布，评估社会经济发展、人为干扰背景下湿地生境未来演变趋势及其潜在的生态风险。经分析得，我国受生态风险较低的保护区主要分布在松花江区、西北诸河区、西南诸河区、长江上游区以及辽河上游地区。而受到生态风险较高的保护区主要分布在黄河区、淮河区、长江中下游大部分地区、辽河下游区和珠江区。受人为干扰较强的保护区普遍呈现保护有效性较差的情况，因此可知现阶段人为因素是影响保护区保护有效性的重要原因之一。（3）建立中国湿地综合分类体系。利用中国湿地遥感分类数据、全国河流水系数据、地形（DEM）、地貌和气候区等数据，建立中国湿地生态地理综合分类体系，确定具有区域共轭性和功能独特性的湿地生态系统综合分类单元共90种。该分类体系所包含的分类类型整合了河流与非河流湿地类型，反映了其独特的生态地理区位特征和湿地生态过程，因此对其保护也体现了对湿地生态过程的保护。该分类体系将为湿地系统分类保护及其湿地自然区划提供了重要的基础，尽管是初步尝试，但意义重大。 （4）运用系统保护规划的研究方法构建全国湿地保护优化格局。基于ArcHydro的生成的集水区作为规划单元，利用Maxran软件，选择已建立的90种湿地生态类型与198种中国重要水鸟作为保护对象，设置30%的保护目标、相关参数设置得出保护松花江区、辽河区、海河区等十大流域的湿地保护的优化格局。根据所得规划方案可得出规划格局紧凑，保护区域面积较大，且优化单元多集中在现在保护单元的周围，根据保护生物学原理，以及保护代价分析可以推知具有相对高效的保护效率。（5）结合全国自然保护区湿地保护有效性等级分布与区域人为干扰强度分布，提出需要优先关注的湿地保护区共21个，主要分布在长江区、珠江区、淮河区、在一定程度上为我国湿地管理提供依据，从而有效提高湿地的保护效率；结合全国湿地保护优化格局与流域单元湿地退化等级分布识别出需要优先关注的规划单元，主要分布于：松花江区、长江区、西北诸河区、辽河区、黄河区。这两部分的研究结果可在一定程度上为我国湿地保护网络建设提供决策支撑。

Wetland ecosystems provide considerable amount of the Earth’s global biodiversity and substantial ecosystem services, creating a strong imperative for their protection and restoration. Although this unique ecosystem has been exposed to higher pressures and threats than adjacent terrestrial ecosystems, wetland ecosystem has received less attention than terrestrial in its conservation planning and assessment, or mostly protected within framework of terrestrial conservation planning, ignoring fundamental difference between terrestrial and wetland ecosystem, therefore specific consideration of the conservation requirements of wetland ecosystem is needed. In this research, we applied the theory and methodology of Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) and GIS to evaluate the wetlands conservation efficiency in national scale; national-scale wetland conservation strategy will be explored by innovatively applying approaches well developed. The main contents and conclusions are as follows: (1) Mapping the wetlands conservation efficiency distribution. With combination of the variation of wetlands area and landscape pattern, the method of wetlands conservation efficiency on mutipale sacle (national scale, national reserves scale and basin scale) has been asscessed. The result shows: The ratio of the most efficient national reserves was the least, which are mainly located in the south of Northwest Rivers Basin and the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River; the percentage of better efficient national reerves is 5.68%, mainly located in the middlewest of Songhuajiang Basin and the north of Nothwest Rivers Basin. The ratio of the national wetlands reserves which is in the middle low of conservation efficiency is the most, which are mainly in Yangtze River Basin and Sanjiangyuan region; the amount of lowest efficient national reserves is 7.42%, located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Northwest Rivers Basin and coastal area. In addition, on national and basin scale, we used paired t test to analyze the change rates of wetland areas in the reserves and their drainage unit. The results shows, the holistic conservation of existing conservation frame is relatively poor, apparently.(2) With combination of the regional human disturbance intensity, we evaluate the evolution trend and potential ecological risk of wetland habitats. The result shows: the reserves under the lower ecological risk are mainly located in Songhuajiang Basin, Northwest rivers Basin, Northeast rivers Basin, the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River and the Upper Reasches of Liaohe River. In the contrary, the reserves under the higher risk are mainly in Yellow River Basin, Huaihe River, the Middle and the Lower Reaches of Yangtze River, the Lower Reaches of Liaohe River Basin and Zhujiang Basin. Generally, the lower efficient national reserves are always under stronger human disturbance intensity. Therefore, the human disturbance is one of the most important factors which have siginificant influence for the conservation efficiency of wetlands.(3) The climatic and topographic factors will be combined with wetland types to develop 90 wetland ecotopes, which will be employed as large-scale conservation targets in conservation planning due to their unique eco-hydrological process and biodiversity assemblages.(4) The wetland conservation strategy incorporated riverine and nonriverine wetlands into conservation targets, and integrated longitudinal (upstream-downstream), lateral (riverine-floodplain) connectivity into conservation assessment. As to wetlands system, we established 90 wetlands types as conservation features. Aslo, we got 198 important waterbirds as conservation features. A national-scale wetland conservation strategy will be explored by innovatively applying approaches well developed for terrestrial ecosystems in the past decade, e.g. systematic conservation planning and its tool-Marxan, which can identify biodiversity priorities and developing conservation strategies in an efficient and defensible manner with complementarity- based planning framework.(5) Base on the conservation efficacy distribution and the regional human disturbance intensity, the study presented 21 national wetlands reserves, which are in need of greater concern. They are mainly located in Yangtze River Basin, Yellow River Basin and Huai River Basin. On some extend, this result provides a basis of wetlands management in China. Consequently, it may improve the wetlands conservation efficacy. With the combination of integrated conservation strategy and the classification of the wetlands degeneration, we identify 878 planning units, which should be superior conserved. These superior conservation regions are mainly located in Songhuajiang River Basin, Yangtze River Basin, Northwest Rivers Basin, Yellow River Basin and Liao River Basin. The result highlights the need for specific refinements to wetland conservation framework and provides a large-scale wetland conservation framework at national scale, and enables central government and managers of wetland resources to set ecologically meaningful spatial conservation priorities.