本文的研究对象是《汉书》《后汉书》和《汉纪》《后汉纪》历史叙事的特点及成就。历史撰述是在继承前人基础上的不断创新，从《汉书》确立纪传体皇朝史的典范，到《汉纪》改变《汉书》的撰述形态，再到《后汉纪》发展《汉纪》的叙事方法，以至在《汉书》和《后汉纪》影响下《后汉书》的传承和创新，显示出一条清晰的历史叙事辩证发展轨迹。在这一脉络中，既有编年、纪传两种形式各自的扬弃，亦有编年、纪传之间的相互借鉴、吸收，而《汉书》在其中发挥了引领和主导的作用。 面对纷繁浩瀚的史料，如何实现史家所确定的历史叙事内容，就必须通过对史料的拣择、筛选和整理，最终通过叙述的方法将史料整合成历史事实，这一过程，刘知幾谓之“采撰”与“书事”。从“两汉书”、“两汉纪”采择史料和叙述史事的作法来看，无论编年、纪传，皇朝史历史叙事的重点都在于反映皇朝之盛衰，政治上的得失始终是叙述的核心所在。通过对“两汉书”、“两汉纪”所用史料的分类讨论，以及对这四部史书撰述主旨和内容的分析，可以看到，“采撰”和“书事”是两个关系密切、相互制约的环节。与此同时，“两汉书”、“两汉纪”在“采撰”、“书事”上表现出的一些特点，又反映了纪传、编年两种撰述形态之间的区别。 历史人物总是一定历史责任的承担者。“两汉书”、“两汉纪”对于历史人物及历史人物群像的叙述，意在呈现历史事件和历史人物之间的联系，进而揭示出人在历史中的作用。与此同时，中国史学自《左传》《史记》开始，便形成了在史书中探索、揭示历史发展动因的传统，班彪等人称之为“述序事理”。“两汉书”、“两汉纪”的撰述者，或运用“物盛而衰”的历史眼光考察皇朝兴衰，或通过对制度的评论为皇朝复兴提供鉴戒，或彰显自然化的“名教”观念以弘敷王道，或结合自身所处的阶层来总结皇朝、家族兴衰。本文关于“两汉书”、“两汉纪”写人物和叙事理两个方面的研究，前者重在揭示人物在中国古代史学历史叙事中的功能和价值，后者重在探索史学家主体思想倾向在历史叙事中的影响与作用，不仅可以进一步认识“两汉书”、“两汉纪”在“采撰”、“书事”上的特点，而且揭示了不同的史学家如何为人们开辟认识两汉历史的种种观察路径。 史学也讲究审美。史学家能否成功地将他所获得的史识呈现给世人，从而使其史学成果产生良好的阅读效果，这往往受到文字表述能力的影响。因此，在很多时候，史学家在语言文字上的造诣，往往影响了一部史著在叙事成就上的高度，以致被时人和后人用来衡量他在史学发展史上的地位。从内容与形式相结合的角度来看，“两汉书”、“两汉纪”表现出内容详实与表述简约之“美”的追求，客观上反映了两汉魏晋南北朝历史叙事之“美”的高度。刘知幾《史通·叙事》篇提出史书叙事审美的几个层次，因其批评对象主要集中在编年、纪传“二体”皇朝史方面，故其审美理论可以帮助我们更好地认识“两汉书”、“两汉纪”历史叙事之“美”的特点和成就。 本文的撰写遵循上述路径展开，研究所得的总体启示是：“两汉书”、“两汉纪”作为纪传、编年“二体”皇朝史的典范，表现出关于同一历史内容的记载可以有不同的历史叙事形式，史书体裁、史料采择、文字表述、史家修养四者受到历史叙事的牵引而形成一个整体。同时，不同形式的历史叙事受到记述内容的牵动而显示出辩证发展规律。作为汉唐间史学发展的代表性成果，“两汉书”、“两汉纪”在历史叙事上的经验，对中国古代史学历史叙事一些原则甚至理论的形成产生了积极影响。 本文对“两汉书”、“两汉纪”历史叙事的研究，旨在为进一步研究中国古代史学历史叙事的传统和理论成就作初步探索。面对“叙事”研究浪潮，史学界有理由运用好这个在中国古代史学理论体系中久已存在的术语以及丰富的相关概念，发掘中国叙事之源——历史著作——在叙事上的经验和成就，逐步建立起中国特色、中国风格的历史叙事学。

This paper aims to discuss the characteristics and achievements of historical narrative on four traditional Chinese historical books: Liang Han Shu ("the Book of Han"汉书 and "the Book of Later Han"后汉书), and Liang Han Ji ("the Annals of Han"汉纪 and "the Annals of Later Han"后汉纪). Historical narrative is based on the continuous innovation of the predecessors, "the Book of Han" established the model of historiography of dynasty history, "the Annals of Han" changed the writing form of "the Book of Han", "the Annals of Later Han" developed the narrative methods in “the Annals of Han”, and then "the Book of Later Han" formed its own style under the influence of "the Book of Han" and "the Annals of Later Han", which shows a clear dialectical development trajectory of historical narrative. In the process of this dialectical development trajectory, each of the biographic Books and the Annals has its own development, at the same time, they absorbed from each other, among the four works, "the Book of Han" has played the leading role in it. In the face of the vast historical data, how to realize the historical narrative content determined by historians must be through the selection, screening and sorting of historical materials, and finally through the narrative method to integrate historical materials into historical facts. Liu Zhiji(刘知幾) named the processes "Cai-zhuan"(采撰) and "Shu-shi"(书事). "Cai-zhuan" and "Shu-shi" are two closely related and mutually restrictive links, meanwhile, they show different characteristics under the influence of the style of historical books. Judging from the selection of historical materials and the narration of historical events in the four works, regardless of chronology or biography, the political gains and losses are always the core of the narration of dynasty history. Historical materialism holds that historical figures always shoulder certain historical responsibilities. The narration of single/groups of historical figures intended to show the relationship between historical events and historical figures and to reveal the role of human beings in the course of history. Since the beginning of "Zuo Zhuan"(左传) and "Historical Records"(史记), Chinese historiography had formed a tradition of exploring and revealing the motives of historical development through historical narration, Ban Biao(班彪) and others historians called it "Shu-xu Shi-li"(述序事理). The author of “the Book of Han” examined the rise and fall of the imperial dynasty from the historical perspective of "prosperity and decline of things", the author of “the Annals of Han” provided examples for the revival of the imperial dynasty through the comments on the system, the author of “the Annals of Later Han” demonstrated the naturalized concept of the Confucian ethical code "Ming-jiao"(名教) to publicize the kingship, the author of “the Book of Later Han” summarized the rise and fall of the imperial dynasty and prominent families based on his own social classes. The differences in the focus of historians had opened up a variety of observational ways for people to understand the former and the later Han dynasties. Historiography pays attention to aesthetics. From the perspective of both content and form, these four works on the Han and the Later Han dynasties objectively reflected the height of "beauty" development of historical narration in Middle ancient China. Liu Zhiji put forward several levels of narrative aesthetics of history books, and his criticisms mainly focus on the chronicle and the biographical works of dynasty history. His theory helps people to understand the characteristics and achievements of the "beauty" of the historical narration of Liang Han Shu and Liang Han Ji. As models of imperial historical narration,"the Book of Han"(汉书), "the Book of Later Han"(后汉书), "the Annals of Han"(汉纪) and "the Annals of Later Han"(后汉纪) shows that the records of the same historical content may share different historical narrative forms, historical book genres, historical materials, and textual expressions. As representative achievements of the development of historiography between the Han and Tang dynasties, the experiences of these four works had a positive influence on the formation of some principles and even theories of historical narration in traditional Chinese historiography. This paper aims to make a preliminary exploration of the traditional and theoretical achievements of traditional Chinese historiography in the study of the historical narratives of four famous historical books. In the face of the great wave of Narrative Research, the history academic circle need to use “Xu Shi”(叙事) which has a long conception history in the ancient Chinese historiography theoretical system to explore the experiences and achievements of traditional Chinese narratives, and then gradually establish Chinese historical narratology.