在家庭的教育决策中，学前教育的重要性已被提升到空前高度，最初的托儿所主要是起看管与监护孩子的职能，如今的幼儿园则承载着孩童早期技能培养与形成的重要使命，同时儿童的学前教育具有极大的正外部性也已经得到了各方的共识，受到了各国政府的普遍重视，并成为国家福利供给体系的重要组成部分。然而承载着学前教育重要使命的服务主体——幼儿园教师，其工资水平较低是我国多年以来一直存在的问题，尤其是一些民办幼儿园在岗教师，较低的工资水平极大降低了教育供给的质量。所以，本论文提出如下研究问题：在现实场景中，是什么原因导致了我国民办幼儿园教师工资水平呈现较低的现象？明明是供需失衡、劳动力短缺的幼教市场为什么无法形成价格信号的有效传导并最终实现教师劳动力市场上的工资变化？民办幼儿园教师工资较低现象的形成机制到底是什么？

为研究此问题，本文利用北京师范大学首都教育经济研究院“北京市学前教育发展报告”课题组于2015年底在北京市15个区县回收到的694份教师调查数据和21世纪教育研究院“RISE青年学者支持计划”于2017年在重庆市6个区县回收到的500份教师调查数据，通过信息不对称理论、劳资议价理论、特征工资理论以及制度变迁理论为理论框架，发起对经典的劳动力市场均衡模型的修正，建立了从微观（市场内生性原因）到宏观（外部制度性原因）两个层次的分析框架，微观层面通过信息不对称理论考察教育服务的购买者（家长）与教育服务的提供者（幼儿园和教师）之间的互动对民办幼儿园教师工资的影响，同时通过劳资议价理论和特征工资理论考察教育服务的提供者内部（幼儿园和教师）的互动对民办幼儿园教师工资的影响；宏观层面通过制度变迁理论考察外部宏观政策的管制与规范对民办幼儿园教师工资的影响。本研究采用访谈法与计量分析法相结合的混合研究方法，并辅之以对照试验与案例比较的研究得出民办幼儿园教师工资较低的主要原因。本研究的主要发现有：

第一、家长们对学前教育的需求偏好极大影响着幼儿园的供给行为，学前教育服务市场存在供给方与需求方的信息不对称，进而扭曲了幼儿教师的评价机制，导致幼儿教师的专业技能无法收敛与聚焦，并最终拉低了教师们的工资。

第二、民办幼儿园教师的议价能力不足导致其工资被园所进一步压缩。由于民办幼儿园教师群体多以年轻的女性为主，这类群体受制于社会资源、社会经验等社会资本的欠缺，导致相比于园所其议价能力相对不足进而工资被园所进一步压低。

第三、幼儿教师的个体特征不如岗位特征在收入差异形成中所起到的效应显著。相比于民办幼儿园教师所携带的个体人力资本特征，其所处的岗位特征能够更好地预测教师的工资。于是择机“流动”成为教师们提升工资的理性选择，流动到更好的区域，流动到规模更大更具吸引力的园所，流动到更好的岗位，这些都成为了教师们努力提升其工资的必要手段。

第四、公办园非在编教师工资对民办园教师工资所形成的参照作用是有条件的。只有当一个区域内公办园相对不足时，民办园是以过度需求的原因出现时，公办园非在编教师才会对民办园教师的工资起到参照作用。

基于以上发现，本研究认为解决民办幼儿园教师工资较低的现状可诉求于以下公共政策：首先，通过政府部门的广泛宣传，让更多的家长认识到儿童接受学前教育服务的属性与价值；其次，通过对儿童发展的评估，撬动幼儿园内部信息不对称的黑箱，间接建立起对教师的评价机制，能够让优秀教师脱颖而出；再次，严格把关教师准入制度，打通公民办教师职称评审制度，建立教师竞争上岗制度与淘汰机制；最后，短期来看，政策制定者应明确规定民办幼儿园教师工资应参照公办幼儿园哪类群体，是在编教师还是非在编教师，或是整个公办幼儿园教师群体的平均工资；长期来看，政府应该着力推进减少公办幼儿园在用人上的差别对待，做到一视同仁、同工同酬，切实保证公办园教师对民办园教师工资起到参照效果与标杆作用。

In family education decision making, the importance of preschool education has been promoted to an unprecedented height, the original main is the function of supervision and monitoring children nursery, preschool is now carrying children early skill training and form an important mission, at the same time, young children's early education has a great positive externalities has got the consensus of all parties, has been paid attention to by the governments. However, the low salary of preschool teachers, the service subject carrying the important mission of early childhood education, has been a long-term problem in China for many years. Especially for some private preschool teachers, the low salary of teachers will greatly reduce the quality of preschool education. Therefore, this dissertation proposes the following research questions: in the real situation, what causes the phenomenon of low salary level of teachers in private preschools in China? Why can't the preschool education market, which is obviously unbalanced in supply and demand and short in labor force, form an effective transmission of price signal and finally realize the wage change in teachers' labor market? What is the formation mechanism of the low salary of teachers in private preschools?

To study this problem, this study use the capital, Beijing normal university education institute of economic research “the Beijing preschool education development report” in 15 district and county of Beijing at the end of 2015 the survey data of 694 teachers and 21st Century Education Research Institute support plan for young scholars of “RISE” in 6 districts and counties in Chongqing in 2017, 500 teachers from the survey data, according to the theory of information asymmetry, collective bargaining theory, hedonic wage theory and institutional change theory as the framework, to initiate the revision of the classic labor market equilibrium model. An analytical framework is established on a micro level (market endogenous reasons) - to the macro level (external institutional reasons). The micro level to examine how the interaction between the purchase of educational services (parents) and the provision of educational services (preschools and teachers) impact on the wages of private preschool teachers through the information asymmetry, at the same time through collective bargaining theory and hedonic wage theory to examine how the interaction between educational service providers (preschools and teachers) impact on the wages of private preschool teachers; On the macro level, to examine how the regulation of external macro policy impact on the salary of private preschool teachers through the theory institutional change theory. This study adopted the mixed research method combining interview method and quantitative analysis method, and obtained the main reason for the low salary of private preschool teachers by the study of the control case test. The main findings of this study are:

1.The demand of parents for preschool education greatly affects the supply behavior of preschools, and the information asymmetry between the supply side and the demand side exists in the preschool education service market, which further distorts the evaluation mechanism of preschool teachers, leads to the failure of convergence and focus of preschool teachers' professional skills, and finally lowers the salary of teachers.

2.The lack of bargaining power of private preschool teachers leads to the further compression of private preschool teachers' salary. As the majority of private preschool teachers are young women, this group is subject to the lack of social resources, social experience and other social capital, which leads to the relative lack of bargaining power and further lower wages by the preschool.

3.The individual characteristics of preschool teachers are not as significant as the job characteristics in the formation of income differences. Compared with the individual human capital characteristics carried by private preschool teachers, their job characteristics can better predict teachers' salary. Therefore, the opportunity of "mobility" becomes the rational choice for teachers to increase their salary, and the mobility is to better regions and to a larger scale, which is more attractive.

4.The referential function of the teachers' salary in the public preschool is conditional. Only when there is a relative shortage of public preschools in a region, and private preschools appear due to excessive demand, will non-government teachers of public preschools play a reference role in the salary of private preschool teachers.

Based on the above findings, this study believes that the following public policies can be applied to solve the current situation of low salary of private preschool teachers. Firstly, through the extensive publicity of government departments, more people will realize the attributes and values of preschool education services. Secondly, through the evaluation of children's development, we can leverage the black box of asymmetric information inside preschools and indirectly establish the evaluation mechanism for teachers, which can make outstanding teachers stand out. Thirdly, we should strictly check the access system of teachers, open up the evaluation system of professional titles of teachers by citizens, and establish the competition and elimination system of teachers. Finally, in the short term, policy makers should clearly specify which groups of private preschool teachers' salaries should refer to those of public preschools, whether they are enrolled teachers or not, or the average salary level of the whole group of public preschool teachers. In the long run, the government should focus on reducing the differential treatment in the employment of public preschools, and ensure that teachers in public preschools play a reference and benchmark in the salary of teachers in private preschools.