教师职业倦怠是事关教师队伍建设、教育改革发展的热点问题。乡村教师更因所面临的特殊的结构与制度环境而成为职业倦怠的高发人群。本文就以四川省Y小学的乡村教师为例，采用访谈、参与观察、实物收集以及类属分析等质性研究方法，从“结构—制度”的理论视角分析了乡村教师职业倦怠的原因。研究表明，从宏观的城乡二元体制，到微观的师生关系内在紧张、家校关系支持不足以及其他关系难以协调，总体上乡村教师的社会关系网络没有给予其足够的表意性与工具性支持。而乡村教师需要直接面对由教学管理制度、教师发展制度、教育检查制度及其他制度组成的教育制度体系，该制度体系以学生学习成绩为主要的考核标准，落实过程中形式主义盛行，给乡村教师造成了极大的工作压力。由此，情绪衰竭、去人性化、认知枯竭、个人成就感降低等职业倦怠表现在乡村教师之中不同程度地表现了出来。本文认为，Y小学乡村教师职业倦怠的原因是社会结构方面造成的社会支持缺乏、制度层面传导的工作压力过大。

Teachers' job burnout is a hot issue concerning the construction of the teaching staff and the reform and development of education. Rural teachers have become a high-professional burnout population because of the special structural and institutional environment they face. This article uses the rural teachers in Y Primary School in P City of Sichuan Province as an example, adopts qualitative research methods such as interviews, participation observation, physical collection, and generic analysis, and analyzes the causes of the burnout of rural teachers from the theoretical perspective of “structure-system”. Research shows that from the macroscopic urban-rural dual system to the micro-inner tension of teacher-student relationship, lack of supportive home-school relationship, and other relationships that are difficult to coordinate, the overall rural teacher’s social network has not given it sufficient indicative and instrumental support. Rural teachers need to directly face the education system composed of the teaching management system, teacher development system, education inspection system and other systems, because the system takes students’ academic performance as the main institutional orientation, and formalism prevails in institutional implementation. It has created a strong work pressure for rural teachers. As a result, the performance of job burnout, such as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, cognitive exhaustion, and a decrease in personal sense of accomplishment, is manifested to varying degrees in the teacher. This article believes that the reason for the job burnout of Y rural schoolteachers is the lack of social support in the social structure and the excessive work pressure at the institutional level.