在儿童成长过程中，0-3岁时段是对个体终身发展至关重要且家庭照料负担最重的阶段。对于儿童来说，这一时期在大脑和心理方面的发展将密切关乎其一生的智力与情感发展水平；对于家庭来说，公共照顾服务的弱化和祖辈照顾意愿的衰减正使家庭、尤其是双薪核心型家庭在儿童早期照料中面临着更大的挑战和负担。在我国女性劳动参与率仍处于较高水平的现实下，关注并尝试提升父亲在儿童早期照料中的参与便显示出颇为重要的意义。科学研究已表明，父亲在育儿中的参与不仅可以缓解母亲的照料压力，而且对提升女性生育意愿、促进孩子终身发展、完善父亲自身职业发展和增加家庭幸福感等都具有积极作用。那么，在我国占比最大、儿童早期照料负担最重的双薪核心型家庭中，父亲在孩子0-3岁阶段的育儿参与状况究竟如何？哪些因素影响了父亲参与育儿活动的选择？是否有必要提升此阶段父亲参与育儿的水平以及政策层面需要相应地做出何种调整和支持？ 从上述问题出发，本研究在家庭视角下紧扣双薪核心型家庭父亲在0-3岁育儿活动中的参与行为，通过实证研究描绘了父亲参与育儿的现状，探索了影响其参与育儿活动的主要因素，并在此基础上进一步思考了政策提升与改善的可能方向。以北京大学展开的中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）2014年全样本追访数据为基础，笔者首先描绘了我国拥有0-3岁儿童的核心家庭的形式、规模以及儿童照料分工情况；数据显示，在形式上双薪（双职工）模式以56.63%的比例占据了主流，在规模上三人户“独生子女家庭”占到了41%，在儿童照料上母亲作为主要照料者的占比超过60%，父亲主要负责照料儿童的家庭占比仅6%。其次，以父亲参与育儿影响因素的五分类理论框架和测量变量及指标体系为基础，笔者使用相关分析和二元Logistic回归模型进行了父亲参与育儿的影响因素分析；因变量“父亲参与育儿行为”通过分类整合转化为了“是”和“否”的二分类形式（父亲白天/晚上照管孩子=1，父亲白天和晚上均不照管孩子=0），“父亲特征、孩子特征、家庭影响、文化影响、制度与公共政策影响”五个层级下的自变量以类别变量、连续变量和主成分分析后得到的因子分的形式纳入回归方程进行回归分析；数据显示父亲工作时间、亲职认知和育儿态度、儿童年龄和儿童行为特征对父亲的育儿参与行为构成影响。 从总体上看，我国0-3岁儿童的照管主体是家庭，父亲在育儿活动中的参与十分欠缺。超时工作对父亲参与儿童照料的选择具有负向影响作用，而对“情感和家庭责任”有高认同感、孩子听话但有不良行为以及在0-3岁年龄段中年龄偏大的孩子的父亲则显示出更为积极的育儿参与。在家庭视角的基础上，通过对数据特征和研究结果的进一步思考，笔者对我国儿童早期照料的发展和父亲参与的提升提出了三个可供探索和发展的方向，首先，重新审视家庭及家庭成员在0-3岁儿童抚育中扮演的角色和承担的压力，给予必要的支持和政策引导；其次，普及父职教育；最后，设立父亲限额假，鼓励企业为育儿期职员提供灵活工作时间或免除加班。

In the process of children's growth, the period of 0-3 years old is the stage that is vital to the individual’s lifelong development and cause the heaviest burden of family care. For children, the development of brain and psychology during this period will be closely related to the level of intelligence and emotional development in their lifetime; for families, the weakening of public care and the declining of the willingness of grandparents to care are making families, especially dual-earner core families, facing with greater challenges and burdens in early childcare. In China, the female labor participation rate is still at a high level, so it is of great significance to pay attention to and try to improve father's involvement in early childcare. Scientific research has shown that father's involvement in childcare can not only alleviate mother’s pressure, but also play a positive role in improving women's fertility willingness, facilitating child's lifelong development, promoting father's own career progress and increasing family happiness. So, in the dual-earner core family, which accounts for the largest proportion and the heaviest burden of early childcare in China, what is the status of father's involvement in early childcare? What factors influence father's choice of providing childcare? Is it necessary to improve the level of father's involvement in early childcare, and what support should be given at the policy level? Starting from the above problems, this study focuses on the father's involvement in early childcare (age of 0-3) of Chinese dual-earner core families from the perspective of family. Through empirical research, this paper describes the status quo of father's involvement in parenting activities, explores the main factors affecting their participation in parenting activities, and further considers the possible direction of policy promotion and improvement. Based on the full sample data of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) conducted by Peking University in 2014, the author first describes the form, scale and division of child care of the nuclear family with 0-3-year-old children in China. The data shows that the dual-earner family is the main form of nuclear families, with the proportion of 56.63%, and the three-person family occupies the mainstream with 41% in family scale. The proportion of dual-earner core families which mothers are the main caregivers in early childcare exceeds 60%, whereas fathers as the main caregivers accounting for only 6%. Secondly, based on Park’s influential factors framework of father's involvement in childcare and the system of measurement variables and indicators, the author uses correlation analysis and binary logistic regression model to analyze the influential factors of father's involvement in early childcare. The dependent variable "father's participation in parenting activities" is transformed into "yes" and "no" (fathers take care of children during the day or night=1, fathers do not take care of children during the day and night=0). And the Independent variables, which derived from Park’s framework, are included in the regression model in the forms of category variables, continuous variables and principal component analysis factor scores. The data shows that children’s age and behavioral characteristics, father’s working hours and parenting attitudes have significant influence on father's involvement in early childcare. Generally speaking, the main caregiver for children aged 0-3 years in China is the family, and father's involvement in childcare activities is very deficient. Overtime work is the negative factor for father's involvement in childcare. Besides, fathers who have high recognition of "emotional and family responsibilities", with their children obedient but showing unhealthy behaviors are more actively involved in early childcare. On the basis of family perspective and the above findings, the author further puts forward three policy recommendations to improve father's involvement in childcare, as well as promoting early childcare services in China. Firstly, the roles and pressures families and family members undertaken in providing daily care for children aged 0-3 years need to be reexamined, and the necessary support and guidance should be given. Secondly, parental education must be popularized through social advocacy in the future. Thirdly, we should set up official vocations, like the father's leave, and encourage enterprises to provide flexible working hours or exempt overtime work for nursery staffs.