实施乡村振兴战略是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的重大历史任务。推进农业农村现代化的本质和关键在于实现农村“人”的现代化，而提升农村人力资本既是提升人的能力的基本途径，又是提升农民收入水平的根本举措，因而成为实现乡村振兴战略目标的动力源泉。人力资本既有城乡之别，又在不同阶段的发展侧重点不同，对农民收入增长的作用机理与影响效应也就相差万殊。故此，本研究立足于乡村振兴战略推进的新阶段，关注农业生产经营方式的巨大变革和非农就业的高质量发展态势，认知农村人力资本新变化，以新人力资本理论为基础，结合乡村振兴战略对人力资本提出的新要求，从存量的角度出发，探讨乡村振兴战略下农村人力资本的内涵和特征，并构建多维微观评价指标体系。更进一步，探讨农村人力资本对农民收入增长的作用机制和影响效果。
        本研究围绕三个关键问题：（1）乡村振兴战略新形势对农村人力资本提出怎样的要求？如何科学、客观、全面地测算农村人力资本水平？（2）农村人力资本通过何种机制促进农民收入增长？（3）农村人力资本对农民收入增长的促进效应如何评价？分四个部分开展研究。
        第一部分：理论梳理，基于能力视角，梳理人力资本理论的形成与发展，辨析乡村振兴战略下农村人力资本的内涵特征，提出农村人力资本“四能”分析框架，包括“智能人力资本”“技能人力资本”“体能人力资本”和“意能人力资本”，并科学构建乡村振兴战略下农村人力资本微观评价指标体系，以“四能”为一级指标，以受教育年限、职业技能水平、普通话水平、网络应用水平、生理健康状况、心理健康状况、大五人格特质为二级指标。第二部分：水平测度，明确农村人力资本的概念和测度方法，利用CGSS数据和实地调研数据、资料和案例，客观全面地测度农村人力资本水平。第三部分：机制探索，探讨农村人力资本促进农民收入增长的作用机制，将职业选择作为农村人力资本影响收入的一条间接机制，联同农村人力资本促进收入增长的直接影响纳入到统一的研究框架之下。第四部分：效果评价，评价农村人力资本的收入增长效应，通过多项Logistic模型和有序Logistic模型测算农村人力资本对职业选择和职业分层的影响，通过OLS回归和分位数回归方法分析农村人力资本对收入增长的直接贡献。
        通过理论分析、定性研究和实证检验，本研究得到了以下主要结论:（1）农村人力资本总体水平低，人力资本指数值为0.504，远低于城市人力资本指数值的0.631；内部结构不均衡，体能人力资本和意能人力资本强，智能人力资本和技能人力资本弱；区域差异大，东部发达地区的农村人力资本明显强于中西部欠发达地区。（2）乡村振兴战略下，农村人力资本促进农民收入增长显著地体现在职业选择的间接效应上，“去农业化”和“去体力化”的职业导向作用明显，提升农村人力资本水平将促进农民的职业层级跃升，进而增加其收入回报。（3）农村人力资本水平提升显著促进农民收入增长，甚至高于物质资本的收入回报。但不同维度的农村人力资本收入回报率不同，从高到低依次是：网络应用水平22.5%、心理健康状况10.5%、生理健康状况7.6%、普通话水平6.3%、受教育年限3.1%、大五人格特质0.8%和职业技能水平0.4%。此外，农村人力资本指数在不同收入群体中的增收效应差异显著，低收入群体的人力资本收入回报最高，随着收入的增加，收入回报显著下降。
        本研究的主要创新和贡献有三个方面：一是辨析乡村振兴战略下农村人力资本的内涵特征，创新构建以“四能”为核心的农村人力资本微观评价体系，拓展了人力资本的内涵和维度，丰富了新人力资本理论；二是将职业选择作为农村人力资本促进农民收入增长的间接路径，搭建了更广泛、更科学的研究框架；三是科学、客观、全面地评价了农村人力资本水平和增收效应，为推进乡村振兴战略提供参考依据。

        Implementing the strategy of rural revitalization is a major historical task in comprehensively building a modern socialist country. The essence and key to promoting the modernization of the agricultural sector and rural areas lies in the modernization of rural residents. Improving rural human capital is not only a basic way to improve the ability of rural residents, but also a fundamental measure to improve their income level, so it has become the source of power for realizing the strategic goal of rural revitalization. In fact, human capital is not only different between urban and rural areas, but also has different development emphases at different stages, so the mechanism and effect on the income growth of rural residents are also very different. Therefore, this study is based on the new stage of the pushing forward all-round rural vitalization, pays attention to the dramatic changes in agriculture and non-farm payroll, recognizes the new changes in rural human capita. Based on the new human capital theory, we focus on the new requirements for human capital put forward by the rural revitalization strategy, to explore the connotation and characteristics of rural human capital under the rural revitalization strategy from the perspective of stock, and build a multi-dimensional micro-evaluation index system.
         There are three key questions in this study: (1) What requirements does the new situation of the rural revitalization strategy place on rural human capital? How to measure the level of rural human capital scientifically, objectively and comprehensively? (2) What mechanism does rural human capital promote rural residents' income growth? (3) How to evaluate the promotion effect of rural human capital on rural residents' income growth?
         A four-part content study was conducted. Part I: Theoretical review. Based on the perspective of ability, this study reviews the formation and development of human capital theory, analyzes the connotation and characteristics of rural human capital under the rural revitalization strategy, and proposes an analytical framework for the “Four Capabilities” of rural human capital, which includes Intelligent Human Capital, Skill Human Capital, Physical Human Capital and Intentional Human Capital. Then, " Four Capabilities" are used as primary indicators, and Education, Training, Mandarin, Internet, Physical health, Mental health, and Big Five Personality Traits are included as secondary indicators, to establish a micro-evaluation indicator system for rural human capital under the rural revitalization strategy. Part II: Level measurement. This study clarifies the concept and measurement method of human capital, and uses CGSS data and practice research data, materials and cases to objectively measure the level of rural human capital. Part III: Mechanism exploration. This study explores the mechanism of rural human capital in promoting rural residents' income growth, takes career choice as an indirect mechanism, and incorporates it into a unified research framework together with the direct mechanism. Part IV: Effect evaluation. Multinomial logistic model and ordinal logistic model are used to measure the impact of rural human capital on occupational choice and occupational stratification. OLS regression and quantile regression are used to measure the direct contribution of rural human capital to rural residents' income growth.
The main conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) The overall level of rural human capital is low, with a human capital index value of 0.504, which is much lower than 0.631 for urban residents. The internal structure of rural human capital is unbalanced, with strong Physical human capital and Intellectual human capital, but weak Intellectual human capital and Skilled human capital. Regional differences in rural human capital are large, with rural human capital in the developed eastern regions is significantly stronger than that in the less developed regions in the central and western regions. (2) Under the rural revitalization strategy, the promotion of income growth by rural human capital is more prominently reflected in the indirect effect of occupational choice, and the occupational orientation of "de-agriculturalization" and "de-manualization" is obvious. Improve the level of rural human capital will promote rural residents to improve their occupational level, thereby increasing their income returns. (3) Rural human capital significantly promotes the income growth of rural residents, even higher than the income return of physical capital. However, the rate of return on rural human capital income is different in different dimensions: Internet (22.5%), Mental health (10.5%), Physical health (7.6%), Mandarin (6.3%), Education (3.1%), Big Five Personality Traits (0.8%), and Training (0.4%). In addition, the income-increasing effect of the rural human capital index varies significantly among different income groups. The low-income group has the highest income return on human capital, and with the increase of income, the income returns decreases significantly.
        The main innovations and contributions of this study are in three aspects: First, this study discriminates and analyzes the connotation and characteristics of rural human capital under the rural revitalization strategy, constructs a micro-evaluation system for new rural human capital with "Four Capabilities" as the core, expands the connotation and dimensions of human capital, and enriches the theory of new human capital. Second, this study takes career choice as an indirect path for rural human capital to promote rural residents' income growth, and builds a broader and more scientific research framework. Third, this research evaluates the level of rural human capital and the effect of increasing income scientifically, objectively and comprehensively, and provides a reference for promoting the rural revitalization strategy.