| 中文题名： | 论洛采《小宇宙》中的灵魂概念 |
| 姓名： | |
| 保密级别： | 公开 |
| 论文语种： | 中文 |
| 学科代码： | 010101 |
| 学科专业： | |
| 学生类型： | 硕士 |
| 学位： | 哲学硕士 |
| 学位类型： | |
| 学位年度： | 2021 |
| 校区： | |
| 学院： | |
| 研究方向： | 价值哲学 |
| 第一导师姓名： | |
| 第一导师单位： | |
| 提交日期： | 2021-06-17 |
| 答辩日期： | 2021-05-26 |
| 外文题名： | On the Concept of the Soul in Lotze's Microcosmus |
| 中文关键词： | |
| 外文关键词： | Lotze ; Microcosmus ; Soul ; Validity ; Philosophy of value |
| 中文摘要： |
鲁道夫·赫尔曼·洛采，是19世纪中后期德国最伟大的观念论哲学家，现代心理学创立者之一、价值哲学的创始人，在其传世之作《小宇宙：对人及其与世界关系的探究》中，他对灵魂概念进行了丰富地阐释。灵魂概念不仅是西方哲学史上的重要概念，而且构成了洛采哲学思想中的重要一环。洛采相信灵魂存在，他在《小宇宙》一书中深入探讨了灵魂的性质、官能、作用等，并利用灵魂概念提出了对身心关系问题的解答。对灵魂问题的研究最终是要面向价值哲学，洛采强调了有效性概念，由灵魂、有效性再到价值的讨论，为价值论敞开研究空间。本文旨在通过梳理并阐述洛采在《小宇宙》中对灵魂概念的说明，进而分析洛采的灵魂概念是如何通向价值哲学的。尽管在马克思主义哲学的语境下，洛采对灵魂这类精神性实体的强调是与唯物主义的观点截然对立的；然而，无论是洛采的观念论、还是马克思的历史唯物主义，都是在两位哲学家共同面临着19世纪的哲学认同危机时提出来的。他们同处于后黑格尔时代，因而都试图以自己的方式走出黑格尔的绝对观念论的迷宫，并且为了避免人类思想走向虚无主义，努力用自己独特的观点挺立人的内在信念与信仰世界，维护人类的精神家园。 本次研究主要包括四方面内容：第一，研究洛采早期即写作《小宇宙》之前，对灵魂概念及其相关内容的探究，从而导入洛采《小宇宙》对灵魂的阐述。洛采在早期研究医学心理学时已经对灵魂问题进行了大量讨论，此外，洛采早期以“唯灵论”作为自己的哲学立场。第二，研究洛采在《小宇宙》中提出的灵魂概念究竟是什么，包括理论提出的背景以及如何证明灵魂存在。反对唯科学主义的思潮和唯物主义辩论构成了研究的重要背景，而洛采证明灵魂存在的理由则包括三条：心理现象和物理现象之间的不可比性，人的意志自由以及意识统一性。第三，研究洛采的灵魂概念的官能与性质是什么，洛采认为灵魂是一个总体的、独立的实体，它既是人的内在精神总称，也是人的所有内在生活的高度统一体，其本身包含着独特的官能与性质。灵魂官能的三分包括感觉、情感和意志，灵魂的主要性质是统一性和超感官性。第四，研究洛采的灵魂概念的作用及影响。一方面，洛采在《小宇宙》中讨论灵魂概念并非将其视为一个孤立概念，而是置于生命整体中；另一方面，厘清灵魂概念有助于确定洛采在何种意义上被称为“价值哲学之父”，又是如何推动价值学派的形成与发展。 |
| 外文摘要： |
Rodolf·Hermann·Lotze, one of the greatest German idealist philosophers in the late 19th century, one of the founders of modern psychology as well as the founder of the philosophy of value, elaborated the concept of the soul in his masterpiece Microcosmus: An Essay Concerning Man and His Relation to the World. The concept of the soul is not only an essential concept in the history of western philosophy, but also constitutes a key part in Lotze’s philosophy. He believed in the existence of the soul. In his book Microcosmus, he thoroughly discussed the soul’s nature, faculty, function and so on, and he used the concept of the soul as an account of the relation between body and soul. The study of the soul should be oriented to the philosophy of value eventually. Lotze emphasized the concept of validity, and his discussion among soul, validity as well as value has brought the theory of value to open space. This paper aims at analyzing and clarifying how Lotze illustrated the concept of the soul in Microcosmus and how his concept of the soul led to the philosophy of value. Although in the context of Marxist philosophy, Lotze’s emphasis on the soul as a spiritual entity is in direct contradiction to the materialist view. In fact, both Lotze’s idealism and Max’s historical materialism were put forward when the crisis of philosophical identity happened in the 19th century. Both living in the post-Hegel era, Lotze and Max tried to get out of the labyrinth of Hegel’s absolute idealism in their own ways. What’s more, in order to avoid nihilism of human mind, they worked on using their own views to uphold people’s inner belief and faith, and maintain the spiritual home of human beings.
This study mainly includes four aspects: Firstly, the study on the concept of the soul and its related contents in Lotze’s early stage, that is, before his writing of Microcosmus, so as to introduce his exposition of the soul in Microcosmus. In his early study of medical psychology, he has made lots of analyses on the soul. What’s more, Lotze took spiritualism as his philosophical standpoint in his early years. Secondly, the study on what the concept of the soul is in Lotze’s Microcosmus, including the background of the theory and how to prove the existence of the soul. The trend of anti-scientism and the materialism controversy were two main events of the book’s background. And Lotze mainly listed three grounds for postulating the existence of the soul, including the incomparability between mental and physical phenomena, the human beings’ freedom of the will and the unity of consciousness. Thirdly, the study on the faculty and nature of the soul. Lotze considered that the soul is an overall and independent entity, which is not only the general term of human beings’ inner spirit, but also the highly unity of inner life, and it contains unique faculties and nature. The three faculties of the soul consist sensation, feeling and will, and two main nature of the soul are unity and supersensuous nature. Last but not least, the study on the function and influence of Lotze’s concept of the soul. On the one hand, Lotze didn’t regard this concept as an isolated one but as a component of people’s whole life in the Microcosmus; on the other hand, clarifying the concept of the soul is of great help to determine in what sense Lotze is regarded as the founder of the philosophy of value and how he promotes the formation and development of the school of value.
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| 参考文献总数： | 90 |
| 馆藏号： | 硕010101/21005 |
| 开放日期： | 2022-06-17 |
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