土地荒漠化是全球关注的重大生态环境问题。中国荒漠化和沙化形势依然严峻，造成了重大的经济和社会损失，影响国家生态安全、全面建成小康社会和乡村振兴战略实施。防治荒漠化不仅仅依赖于技术、环境、治理思路层面，更重要的是需要制度支持，中国荒漠化防治的历史无不体现着制度变迁的历程。本文以中国荒漠化防治制度为研究对象，在制度经济学基础上，结合监测数据和实地调研，纵向分析1949年以来中国荒漠化防治制度的历史变迁，从治理、预防、利用以及荒漠化履约与国际合作四方面探析荒漠化防治制度建立的原因、动力、运行效果和症结等。构建中国特色荒漠化防治制度框架体系，提出了中国荒漠化防治制度创新的意见和建议。本研究有助于进一步完善荒漠化防治制度，丰富制度建设和重构对生态文明建设的作用机制，从顶层设计上解决我国荒漠化问题，为我国荒漠化防治决策提供参考依据，为世界荒漠化防治贡献中国智慧。 研究发现：首先，我国荒漠化防治经历了起步、重点治理、快速发展3个阶段，各阶段采取的系列防治荒漠化制度举措，推动了我国荒漠化防治由小规模向大规模、由局部向整体、由单项措施向综合措施、由立足国内向国际国内统筹兼顾、由无序开发向规范化法治化防治的转变。其次，我国荒漠化防治制度体系基本健全，在各项制度的激励作用下，荒漠化防治成效明显，从第二次开始的监测期内荒漠化和沙化土地面积呈逐步缩减趋势，生态、经济、社会效益显著。基于数据包络分析（DEA）的BCC模型，发现内蒙古、宁夏、西藏的荒漠化防治效率最高，天津、新疆、甘肃较高，海南、河北、青海属于中等，其余地区较低。借助Tobit模型，发现防治荒漠化领导小组级别、省级政府向同级人大常委会报告工作、处理破坏生态环境或林草植被典型案件、国际交流与合作、外援项目、对外技术培训、荒漠化日专题宣传活动能显著促进荒漠化治理效率的提升。第三，荒漠化治理、预防、利用以及履约与国际合作制度共同构成了中国荒漠化防治制度的主体框架，呈现系统性、可持续性、能动性特征，这四类制度成为解决中国荒漠化问题的“四把钥匙”。第四，构建职责清晰、运转协调、务实高效、保障有力的防治荒漠化制度体系，必须坚持科学、综合、依法防治方针，以推进荒漠化治理体系和治理能力现代化为导向，在组织管理、科技支撑、投融资、法律法规、沙产业、履约与国际合作等方面开展制度创新。

Land desertification is a major ecological & environmental problem, which has been a matter of global interest. The afflicted areas in China are still serious affected by desertification and sand desertification, which results in economic and social losses. Moreover, the problem has become the biggest short board that restricts the construction of a well-off society in an all-round way and the revitalization of the rural area. Most of the current research on desertification control depends on the technical level, environmental level and the route-map level, but the mostly needed is policy support and sound system of combating desertification. The history of desertification control in China is a history of continuous institutional evolution, the prevention and control and the utilization of desertification as well as the international performance all reflecting the course of institutional change. The essay selects the system of combating desertification in China as the research subject based on the theory of institutional economics, to combine the monitoring data and method of field study, carrying out vertical analysis of the historical changes of China’s combating desertification system since 1949. The essay analyzes the reasons to found, dynamics to develop, the implementation effects, the problems occurred and so on for the combating desertification system from the four perspectives of desertification prevention, control, utilization, performance and international cooperation. The essay has suggested to build a framework of combating desertification with Chinese characteristics. Also, the essay puts forward suggestions for the innovation of China's desertification prevention and control system. The study will help to further improve the desertification prevention and control system, enrich system construction and reconstruct the mechanism for the construction of ecological civilization, solve the problem of desertification in China from top-level design, provide a reference for the decision-making of desertification control in China, and contribute to the wisdom of the world in desertification control. The study found that: Firstly, China's desertification control has experienced three stages of initial development, key governance, and rapid development. The series of systemic measures to combat desertification at all stages have promoted the prevention and control of desertification in China from small-scale to large-scale, from local to whole, and from individual measures to comprehensive measures. From the standpoint of domestic consideration to the international and domestic environment, from disorderly development to standardization, legalization, and prevention. Secondly, the system of desertification prevention and control in our country is basically sound and complete. Under the effects of various systems, desertification control has achieved remarkable results. During the monitoring period, the area of desertification and desertified land has decreased, and ecological, economic and social benefits produced have been remarkable. Based on the DEA model of BCC, it was found that desertification control efficiency was highest in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, and Tibet, and higher in Tianjin, Xinjiang, and Gansu. Hainan, Hebei, and Qinghai were moderate, while others were lower. With the help of the Tobit model, it was discovered that the leading group level, the provincial government report to the Standing Committee of the same level, the typical cases of destruction of ecological environment or forest and grass vegetation, international exchanges and cooperation, foreign aid projects, external technical training, and World day to combat desertification thematic campaigns can significantly improve the efficiency of desertification governance. Thirdly, desertification governance, prevention, utilization, and compliance and international cooperation systems together constitute the main framework of the desertification system in China. It presents systemic, sustainable, and dynamic features. Four types of systems have become the “four keys” to solve the problem of desertification in China. Fourthly, to build a system for combating desertification with clear duties, coordinated operations, practical and high-efficiency, and strong guarantees, we must adhere to a scientific, comprehensive, and legal prevention and control policy, and be guided by the modernization of desertification control systems and governance capabilities, in terms of organizational management, scientific and technological support, institutional innovations were made in investment and financing, laws, compliance, sand industry and international cooperation.