贫困认定问题一直是相关领域的学者们关心的话题，随着时代的发展，学者们愈加认识到主观层面的“自我”认定的意义，主观贫困研究逐渐进入学者们的研究视野。本文从儿童主体视角入手研究中国城市流动儿童的贫困观，主要回答中国城市流动儿童的贫困观包括哪些方面、具体如何呈现等研究问题。本研究以浙江省杭州市M小学为案例，遵循质性研究的逻辑，使用参与式观察、半结构式深度访谈、焦点小组访谈等方法收集资料，采用归纳推理的方式分析资料并得出研究结论。研究发现，中国城市流动儿童的贫困观包括识别并评价个体贫富状况（贫困推理）、贫富差异的原因（贫困归因）和贫困问题产生的影响、想象或实施对抗贫困的策略四个方面。

具体而言：在贫困推理方面，受访儿童在了解自身贫困状况方面具有主观能动性，他们依据自身体验和相关信息对自己的贫困处境进行主观判断——处于相对贫困之中；他们从外表、性格和行为特征、物质环境或资源、学习和教育、家庭氛围、人际交往等方面对贫富状况进行判别并据此对个体品质和行为做出推断，在外表、物质环境或资源、家庭氛围等方面给富人以积极正面的描述，给穷人以消极负面的描述，而在性格和行为特征方面给富人以消极负面的描述，给穷人以积极正面的描述，在学习和教育、人际交往方面的情感倾向性不明显。

在贫困归因方面，儿童对贫富差异原因的归纳可分为个人、结构、宿命三个层面，在个人层面上表现为个人能力不足和个人品质不佳；在结构层面上表现为劳资关系不平衡以及城乡差距大、社会保障、社会福利不健全等制度困境；在宿命论层面上归于疾病、风险与脆弱性以及投机等因素。中国城市流动儿童暂未明确识别出贫困对整个社会造成的影响，他们从个人层面的健康、工作、教育、人际关系等四个方面认识贫困的影响，揭示了贫困的循环性与顽固性特征。

同时，儿童不是被动地接受贫困，而是会设想或采取不同的策略来应对贫困。一些城市流动儿童会使用反社会行为但并不可取，他们更多选择主动让渡自己的话语权以及选择的权利，为家庭而自我牺牲。大多数受访儿童对摆脱贫困持以积极态度，通过创造个人价值和贡献来提升自我效能感，显示出儿童在社会活动中的积极参与和对社会的积极建构，彰显了儿童自身的能动性。

未来儿童贫困和流动儿童相关政策与服务应尽快完善户籍、教育、就业等基本政策和公共服务供给，注重社区和学校等层面的资源配置与儿童需求的匹配程度，更精准地识别流动儿童、贫困儿童的多样化需求，肯定儿童的主体性与能动性，增加对家庭教育和学校教育的引导，让流动儿童接受真实、客观、全面的贫富教育，更全面地促进流动儿童的社会融入与幸福感，助力儿童福祉的全面提升。

The identification of poverty has always been a topic of concern for scholars in related fields. Scholars have increasingly realized the significance of subjective "self" identification and the research on subjective poverty has gradually entered the research vision of scholars over times. This research studied the poverty mindset of Chinese urban migrant children from the perspective of themselves, and mainly answered these questions: What were the aspects of the poverty mindset of Chinese urban migrant children? How did they present it concretely? This research took M primary school in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province as the case, followed the logic of qualitative research, used semi-structured in-depth interview, focus group interview and participatory observation to collect data and adopted the way of inductive reasoning to analyze data so as to draw the conclusions. The research found that the poverty mindset of Chinese urban migrant children includes four aspects: identifying and evaluating the performance of individual wealth (Poverty Reasoning), the causes of the difference between the rich and the poor (Poverty Attribution) and the impact of poverty as well as imagining or implementing strategies to combat poverty.

Specifically speaking: In terms of poverty reasoning, children interviewed had subjective initiative in understanding their own poverty situation. They made subjective judgment on their own poverty situation according to their own experience and relevant information - they were in relative poverty; they judged the status of rich or poor from the aspects of appearance, personality and behavioral characteristics, material environment or resources, learning and education, family atmosphere and interpersonal communication, and they inferred individual quality and behavior according to these. And then, Chinese urban migrant children gave a positive description to the rich and a negative description to the poor in appearance, material environment or resources and family atmosphere, while in the aspects of personality and behavioral characteristics, they gave a negative description to the rich and a positive description to the poor. Their emotional tendency in education and interpersonal communication was not obvious.

In terms of poverty attribution, children's induction of the causes of poverty could be divided into three aspects: individual, structure and destiny. Individual reasons manifested in insufficient personal ability and poor personal quality; structural reasons referred to labor capital relations, huge differences between urban and rural areas, the short social security and social welfare and other institutional difficulties; and in terms of destiny, some factors such as disease, risk and vulnerability and speculation were very important. Chinese urban migrant children have not yet clearly identified the influence of poverty on the whole society, but they understood the impact of poverty for people from four aspects: health, work, education and interpersonal relations, revealing the cyclical and stubborn characteristics of poverty.

Instead of passively accepting poverty, children would imagine or adopt different strategies to deal with poverty. Some children might use antisocial behaviors which were not desirable, but they also chose to give up their right and sacrifice themselves for their families. They would take a positive attitude towards getting rid of poverty, improve their sense of self-efficacy by creating personal value and contribution. Which showed children's active participation in social activities and positive construction of society, and highlighted children's own motivation.

In the future, the policies and services related to children's poverty and migrant children should improve hukou, education, employment and other basic policies and public services as soon as possible, pay more attention to match resource allocation and children's needs at the community and school levels, identify the diversified needs of migrant children more accurately, affirm the subjectivity and initiative of children, increase guidance on family education and school education, let migrant children receive real, objective and comprehensive education on the rich and the poor, promote the social integration and well-being of migrant children more comprehensively, and help improve the comprehensive well-being of children.