抗战时期的大后方文学与它所处的社会环境有非常紧密的关联，这种社会环境的结构与性质在很大程度上影响了文学自身的面貌。近年来关于民国社会的许多历史学、社会学的研究都表明，抗战时期的大后方仍旧是一种特殊的“军绅”社会。它有两个重要的特征：其一是以新军阀、新绅士联合的“军绅”政权为主导；其二是由于近代新式教育体制的实施造成的城乡二元分离现象。这两方面的特征都对当时的文学发生了相当深入的影响。就前者来说，既体现在政权的现实权力对文学的控制与导向上，又体现在政权的意识形态对文学的影响和渗透。就后者来说，城乡的二元分离造成的社会上层与下层、城市与乡村、现代文明与农耕文明之间的巨大鸿沟，为中国“抗战建国”的历史任务设置了重大的障碍。大后方文学的许多变化与特点都与此相关，论文主要分四个部分从抗战时期“军绅”社会的角度探讨了与大后方文学之间的关系。第一章通过知识分子阶层从传统的“士大夫”（绅士）形态过渡到现代知识分子的形态的转变，以及国民政府行政改革的不成功，如何形成了民国的“军绅”社会。先是考察了中国近代的新式教育体制与知识分子身上发生的城市化、知识化倾向的关系，接着分析知识分子的城市化所引起的城乡二元分离现象，最后又分析了蒋介石政府如何因行政改革的不成功而最终成为“军绅”社会的一部分。第二章探讨抗战时期大后方的“军绅”社会与文人作家的生存境遇的关系。首先，地方上的“军绅”建设如何为大后方的文学活动提供物质基础。其次，分析了大后方各类“军绅”政权的意识形态与作家的活动空间的关系。最后，探讨各种“军绅”政权的相互制衡给文学的生存提供了机遇。第三章通过对大后方文学作品的分析，发现其中所展示出的各个层面的“军绅”社会，并分析了抗战时期“军绅”社会的恶化与社会的两极分化，在人的分化方面重点剖析了知识分子的分化情形。第四、五章论述“抗战建国”这个抗战时期国家的总任务与大后方的文学之间的关系。前两部分论述了西南联大现代派诗歌和“七月派”文学。后面四个部分对大后方的文艺“大众化”现象进行了研究，指出后者是一种为了弥补“军绅”社会二元鸿沟而发生的现象。结语部分指出了“军绅”社会对国家现代化的阻碍与文学的“现代化”追求之间的矛盾，以及“军绅”社会与中国现代文学之间奇特的悖谬共生的关系。

There is a tight relationship between literature in the home front and it’s social environment, the structure and nature the social environment affects the face of literature itself. In recent years, many researches about the Republic of China from History and Sociology proved that the home front is still a kind of “warlord-gentleman” society. The society has two significant features: on the one hand, it was leaded by “warlord-gentleman” regime who was made up by new-warlord and new-gentleman, on the other hand, it has a phenomenon of binary separation between urban and rural who was leaded by new education system. Both of these two features affected literature at that time deeply. For the former, not only embodying the control of literature from the power of regime, but also embodying the influence on literature from regime ideology. For the latter, the binary separation between urban and rural leads tremendous chasm between upper-class and the lower-class, urban and rural, modern civilization and agricultural civilization, it becomes the tremendous obstruction of national historic mission for “Anti-Japanese War and modernization of the states”. Many changes and fearures of the literature in home front are relevant to the special social environment, the dissertation mainly includes four parts and researches the relationship between “warlord-gentleman” society of Anti-Japanese War and literature in the home front. First chapter studies the form of “warlord-gentleman” society in period of the Republic of China, by discussing the transformation of intellectual class from traditional “literati and officialdom” to modern intellectual and the defeat of administrative reform of National Government. This part analyzes the relationship between Chinese modern educational system and the inclination of knowledge and urbanization on intellectuals, then studies the binary separation phenomenon between urban and rural results from the urbanization on intellectuals, and researches the Chiang Kai-shek government becoming the part of “warlord-gentleman” society because of the defeat of administrative reform.Second chapter discusses the relationship between “warlord-gentleman” society in the home front and living condition of the literati. In the first part, the local “warlord-gentleman” construction provides a material basis for literary activities in the home front. The second part analyzes the relationship between the ideology of all kinds of “warlord-gentleman” regimes and the activity space of the literati. The third part studies the balance of different “warlord-gentleman” regimes how to provide opportunities for the survival of literature. Third chapter shows all levels of “warlord-gentleman” society by analyzing literary work in the home front, then discusses the deterioration of “warlord-gentleman” society and social polarization, emphasizes the differentiation phenomenon of intellectuals in aspect of people’s differentiation. Fourth chapter studies the relationship between “Anti-Japanese War and modernization of the states” and literature in the home front. The former two parts explore the modern poem of Southwest United University and literature of “the July school”. The later four parts research the phenomenon of literature “Popularization” in the home front, and points out that the latter is a phenomenon to make up the tremendous chasm of “warlord-gentleman” society.The conclusion points out the contradiction between the “warlord-gentleman” society hindering national modernization and the literary pursue of “modernization”, and points out the peculiar relationship of paradox and symbiosis between “warlord-gentleman” society and Chinese modern literature.