马克思主义政治学说从人的本质出发，最终落脚于人的自由全面发展和全人类解放。“现实的人”为了解决吃喝住穿、维持自身生存发展，就必须从事物质生产活动，并结成一定社会关系。人们在社会生产活动中的地位决定了其在生产关系中的位置及所得。社会产品的分配方式与多寡带来了贫富之分甚至利益冲突。为了防止全社会不致在利益冲突中把自己和社会消灭，就需要国家协调全社会的利益分配并把冲突控制在秩序范围之内。公平正义就是一种由国家确定的协调社会成员之间根本利益分配的规范性原则。历史唯物主义和人民至上是中国特色社会主义公平正义理论的方法论和根本政治立场，与西方自由主义公平正义理论有本质区别。在当代中国，中国共产党领导、社会主义国家性质、社会主义基本经济制度，确立了以人民为中心的基础性利益分配原则。改革开放以来，在经济快速发展进程中，我国出现了发展不平衡不充分问题。近1亿绝对贫困人口是全面建成小康社会最大的短板弱项，需要特别帮助。人民最关心最直接最现实的根本利益分配出现较大差距，这些需要协调的根本利益主要包括收入、就业、教育、医疗、住房、社会保障、生态环境等。在坚持和发展中国特色社会主义事业过程中出现的利益分配差距，提出了中国特色社会主义公平正义问题。 党的十八大以来，习近平总书记提出精准扶贫方略，党中央总揽全局协调各方，坚持问题导向和系统观念，派驻大量干部、投入大量资金，从食物权、饮水安全、义务教育、基本医疗、住房安全、最低社会保障、生态环境、生产生活条件、地区基础设施、发展生产、促进就业、精神生活等方面，帮助贫困人口增加收入、全面提升基本生活水准，实现各项权利协调发展。贫困人口、农村留守妇女、儿童和老年人、部分少数民族群众、残疾人等特定困难群体生活水准显著改善。生存权、发展权是人成其为人的首要基本人权，因此，保障好人民生存权发展权也是国家必须兜牢的民生底线和利益分配底线。脱贫攻坚、乡村振兴，都是逐步解决发展不平衡不充分问题、调整全社会利益分配格局、扎实推进全体人民共同富裕的重大举措，从长远根本上促进了公平正义,也能提高国内大循环覆盖面。 在以脱贫攻坚促进公平正义过程中，形成了一些原则和经验。这些原则主要是，坚持人民至上维护好人民根本利益，坚持效率与公平相统一，坚持权利公平、机会公平、规则公平相统一，坚持突出重点、尽力而为、量力而行、渐进促进全体人民共享发展成果，坚持靠个人勤劳奋斗创造美好生活。这些经验主要是，坚持守正创新，坚持从人的自然需求出发，运用政治经济学分析批判，统筹物质生产和分配两个环节，在历史进程中促进公平正义，坚持党中央集中统一领导，经济持续发展是共享发展成果的前提，不断深化改革是促进公平正义的动力，完善的制度是促进公平正义的保证，精准科学的政策是促进公平正义的重要手段，全面从严治党是促进公平正义的政治保障。

Marxist political theory starts from the essence of human beings and ends up in the free and comprehensive development of human beings and the liberation of all mankind. "Real people" must engage in material production activities in order to solve the problem of food, drink, shelter and clothing and maintain their own survival. People's position in social production activities determines their position in production relations. The distribution mode and quantity of social products bring about the difference between rich and poor and even conflict of interest. In order to prevent the whole society from destroying itself and society in the conflict of interests, it is necessary for the state to coordinate the distribution of interests of the whole society and control the conflict within the scope of order. Fairness and justice is a normative principle determined by the state to coordinate the distribution of fundamental interests among social members. Historical materialism and the people's position are the methodology and political position of the theory of fairness and justice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which are completely different from the western liberal theory of fairness and justice. In contemporary China, the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the nature of the socialist country, and the basic economic system of socialism have established the fundamental principle of distribution of interests centered on the people. Since the reform and opening up, in the process of rapid economic development, China has encountered the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development. Nearly 100 million people living in absolute poverty and low-income groups are the biggest weaknesses in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and need special help. There is a large gap in the distribution of the most direct and realistic fundamental interests that people care about most. These fundamental interests that need to be coordinated mainly include income, employment, education, medical care, housing, social security, ecological environment, etc. The gap in the distribution of interests in the process of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics has raised the issue of equality and justice in socialism with Chinese characteristics. The Communist Party of China and the state adhere to the system concept, send a large number of cadres and invest a large amount of funds to help the poor increase their income, comprehensively improve their basic living standards, and realize the coordinated development of various rights in terms of the right to food, drinking water safety, compulsory education, basic medical care, housing safety, minimum social security, ecological environment improvement, production and living conditions, regional infrastructure, development of production, employment promotion, and spiritual life. The living standards of the poor, rural left-behind women, children, the elderly, ethnic minorities, the disabled and other specific vulnerable groups have improved significantly. The right to subsistence and the right to development are the primary basic human rights. Therefore, safeguarding the people's right to subsistence and the right to development is the bottom line of people's livelihood and the bottom line of interest distribution that the country must hold firmly. Poverty alleviation and rural revitalization are major measures to gradually solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development, adjust the pattern of distribution of interests of the whole society, and solidly promote the common prosperity of all people. They have fundamentally promoted fairness and justice in the long run. The ultimate goal is the comprehensive development of all people. In the process of poverty alleviation to promote fairness and justice, some principles and experiences have been formed. These principles mainly include upholding the fundamental interests of the people, starting from the natural needs of people, applying political economic analysis and criticism, and coordinating the two links of material production and distribution, so as to promote fairness and justice in the historical process. Adhere to the unity of efficiency and fairness. Adhere to the unity of fair rights, fair opportunities and fair rules. We should stick to highlighting the key points, do our best, do what we can, and gradually promote the sharing of development achievements by all people. Insist on creating a better life by personal hard work. These experiences are mainly that adhering to the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, sustainable economic development is the prerequisite for sharing development achievements, deepening reform is the driving force for promoting fairness and justice, improving the system is the guarantee for promoting fairness and justice, precise and scientific policies are the important means for promoting fairness and justice, and comprehensive and strict governance of the Party is the political guarantee for promoting fairness and justice.