研究目的：乒乓球运动具有球体小、速度快等特点，运动员需具备良好的判断、决策等能力以及速度、力量、灵敏等身体素质。国家一级乒乓球运动员的运动技能水平已经达到自动化阶段，其大脑功能可塑性已经相对稳定，可以作为探究运动对大脑功能影响的理想观察对象。长期以来，研究人员主要从脑功能分化的角度去进行相关研究，脑功能激活的神经影像学研究提取的信息较少，无法有效、准确的表征大脑功能活动模式。因此，除了从功能分化的角度研究外，还需要从功能整合的角度研究相应脑区间的协同作用即脑功能连接。但是长期系统的乒乓球训练对运动员静息状态时大脑功能连接的影响尚不完全清楚。本研究使用近红外光谱脑成像技术（Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy，fNIRS）通过比较乒乓球运动员与普通大学生静息态时大脑不同功能网络内及网络间功能连接的差异，以探究乒乓球运动对脑功能连接的影响。从而在大脑层面上研究和分析乒乓球运动项目特征，为训练效果的评价提供客观生理指标，为深入理解人类大脑、干预脑疾病、开发脑功能提供理论支撑与数据支持。

研究方法：本研究招募20名年龄在18-25岁的健康在校大学生作为实验对象。实验组为10名国家一级乒乓球运动员，对照组为10名普通在校大学生且均没有进行过专业、系统的乒乓球或其他体育项目的训练。确定研究的大脑功能网络指标：默认网络（Default mode network，DMN）、额顶网络（Frontoparietal network，FPN）、腹侧注意网络（Ventral attention network，VAN）、背侧注意网络（Dorsal attention network，DAN）、视觉网络（Visual network，VIS）和感觉运动网络（Sensorimotor network，SMN）。采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index，PSQI）对受试者的睡眠质量进行评估。随后采用fNIRS技术对受试者的大脑进行扫描监测，测试受试者在静息态时大脑皮层的血氧信号变化，记录受试者的自发大脑活动。进而采用FC-NIRS软件包对原始光学数据进行预处理，将原始光学数据转换成纯净可用的血氧信号数据，由于氧合血红蛋白（Oxyhemoglobin，HbO）信号的信噪比通常比脱氧血红蛋白（Deoxyhemoglobin，HbR）信号好，所以我们选择使用HbO信号来进行后期的数据分析。随后采用皮尔逊相关分析方法，利用FC-NIRS、Matlab、SPSS、Prism等软件对实验数据进行预处理、统计和分析，可视化观察各脑区之间的功能连接。

研究结果：（1）从全脑水平的功能连接模式来看，乒乓球运动员组较对照组全脑功能连接相关系数高，乒乓球运动员组的平均功能连接强度高于普通对照组，且均显示出近似正态分布的结构。说明乒乓球运动训练可引起大脑功能发生可塑性适应的变化，促进大脑功能活动。

（2）从通道水平来看，乒乓球运动员在大脑左侧半球网络间部分通道的功能连接增强。主要表现为以VAN作为核心出发点，分别与SMN、DAN、FPN、DMN网络存在显著功能连通性增强。说明乒乓球运动对大脑功能连接的影响主要体现在大脑左半球，且大部分连接与VAN相关。

（3）从网络水平来看，分为不同功能网络内和网络间的功能连接对比。网络内的功能连接表示部分脑区的活跃程度，网络间的功能连接表示部分脑区之间的协同工作。对比分析后发现在不同功能网络内，乒乓球运动员组的DMN和FPN网络内的功能连接显著高于普通对照组（P＜0.01）；在不同功能网络间，乒乓球运动员组与对照组在DMN-FPN、DMN-VIS、FPN-VIS网络之间的功能连接具有极显著差异（P＜0.001）；在DMN-VAN、DMN-SMN、DMN-DAN网络之间的功能连接具有显著差异（P＜0.01）；此外，在FPN-VAN、VAN-VIS、SMN-DAN网络之间的功能连接也具有差异性（P＜0.05）。

研究结论：(1)从全脑水平功能连接模式来看：乒乓球运动显著调节了运动员静息状态大脑功能连接，促进了大脑功能网络连接。

(2) 从通道水平来看：乒乓球运动作为一项“智慧”运动，其智慧性主要体现在：乒乓球运动有助于促进大脑左半球功能网络相关通道的功能连接。且这种功能连接是相对稳定的连接。说明乒乓球运动员相对于普通大学生有更好的抽象、概念、分析能力。同时发现其功能连接是以VAN为核心出发点，可以说明乒乓球运动员具有较强的注意力。

(3) 从网络水平来看：乒乓球运动促进了运动员大脑不同功能网络内部和功能网络之间的功能连接。对大脑可塑性的影响主要体现在促进大脑功能网络重组，且这类功能连接的改变可能反映了乒乓球训练和练习的特定经验。

Research Objectives: Table tennis has the characteristics of small ball and fast speed. Players need to have good judgment and decision-making ability as well as speed, strength, agility and other physical qualities. National level 1 table tennis players' motor skills have reached the stage of automation, and their brain functional plasticity has been relatively stable, which can be used as an ideal observation object to explore the influence of sports on brain function. For a long time, researchers have mainly conducted related studies from the perspective of brain functional differentiation, and the neuroimaging studies on brain functional activation have extracted less information, which cannot effectively and accurately characterize brain functional activity patterns. Therefore, in addition to studying from the perspective of functional differentiation, it is also necessary to study the synergistic effect of corresponding brain regions from the perspective of functional integration, that is, brain functional connectivity. However, the effects of long-term and systematic table tennis training on the functional connectivity of the resting brain of players are not fully understood. In this study, Functional near-infrared Spectroscopy (FC-NIRS) was used to investigate the effects of table tennis on brain Functional connectivity by comparing the differences of brain Functional connectivity within and between different brain Functional networks between table tennis players and college students in resting state. Therefore, the characteristics of table tennis sports can be studied and analyzed on the brain level, so as to provide objective physiological indicators for the evaluation of training effect, and provide theoretical and data support for in-depth understanding of human brain, intervention of brain diseases and development of brain function.

Research Methods:20 healthy college students aged 18-25 were recruited as experimental subjects. The experimental group consisted of 10 national level 1 table tennis players, and the control group consisted of 10 ordinary college students. The brain function network index of the study was determined for the non-sports population: the Default modenetwork (DMN) is the most Ventral attention network(VAN), and the most Ventral attention network is the Dorsal attention network(DAN), which is based on the Ventral attention network.Visual Network (VIS) and Sensorimotor Network (SMN) used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality ScaleIndex (PSQI) was used to evaluate the subjects' sleep quality, and then the FNIRS technology was used to scan and monitor the subjects' brains. The changes of cerebral cortex blood oxygen signals during the resting state were measured, and the spontaneous brain activity of the subjects was recorded FC-NIRS software package was then used to preprocess the original optical data and convert the original optical data into pure and usable blood oxygen signal data. Since the signal-to-noise ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) signal is usually better than that of deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) signal, we chose HbO signal for the later data analysis Then Pearson correlation analysis method was used to extract stable time series for each subject, and software such as FC-NIRS MATLAB SPSS Prism was used for pre-processing statistics and analysis of experimental data. The functional connections between brain regions were observed visually, and independent sample t test was used for data analysis.P＜0.05 represents a difference,P＜0.01 represents a significant difference,P＜0.001 represents a very significant difference

Results: (1) From the perspective of the whole brain functional connectivity pattern, the correlation coefficient of the whole brain functional connectivity in the table tennis players group was higher than that in the control group, and the average functional connectivity strength in the table tennis players group was higher than that in the normal control group, and all of them showed the structure of approximately normal distribution. The results indicate that table tennis training can cause changes in brain function plasticity and promote brain function.
    (2) From the perspective of channel level, the functional connections of some channels between the left cerebral hemisphere networks were enhanced in table tennis players. With VAN as the core starting point, the functional connectivity between VAN and SMN, DAN, FPN and DMN networks was significantly enhanced. These results indicated that the effects of table tennis on brain functional connections were mainly reflected in the left hemisphere of the brain, and most of the connections were related to VAN.
    (3) From the perspective of network level, it is divided into the comparison of functional connections within and between functional networks. The functional connections within the network indicate the activity of the brain regions, and the functional connections between the networks indicate the cooperation between the brain regions. The functional connections of DMN and FPN in the table tennis players group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group (P < 0.01). Among the different functional networks, the functional connections among DMN-FPN, DMN-VIS and FPN-VIS networks between the table tennis players and the control group were significantly different (P < 0.001). The functional connections among DMN-VAN, DMN-SMN and DMN-DAN networks were significantly different (P < 0.01). In addition, the functional connections among FPN-VAN, VAN-VIS and SMN-DAN networks were also different (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:Conclusion: (1) From the perspective of the functional connectivity pattern at the whole brain level, table tennis significantly modulates the functional connectivity in the resting state and promotes the functional network connectivity in the brain.
    (2) From the perspective of channel level, table tennis, as an "intelligent" sport, is mainly reflected in the following aspects: table tennis helps to promote the functional connection of the functional network related channels in the left hemisphere of the brain. And this kind of functional connection is relatively stable. Fine motor control and language tend to be located in the left hemisphere, indicating that table tennis players have better abstract, conceptual and analytical abilities compared with ordinary college students. At the same time, it is found that the functional connection is based on VAN, which indicates that table tennis players have strong attention. 
    (3)From the perspective of network level, table tennis promotes the functional connections within and between different functional networks of athletes' brains. The effect on brain plasticity is mainly reflected in promoting the reorganization of brain functional networks, and the changes of such functional connections may reflect the specific experience of table tennis training and practice.