弱者是一个相对且变动的概念，弱者保护基于弱者本身的脆弱性，其脆弱性可能源于心理或智力的劣势，也可能由于经济或社会上的依赖，更可能因为信息不对称导致。德国国际私法对弱者保护的规定体现了德国宪法的基本精神，也可以促进人类社会的和平与发展。在德国国际私法框架下，本文主要研究与弱者保护相关的法律条文并分析与之对应的德国法院判例。本文在涉外婚姻家庭领域的研究对象主要是德国《民法施行法》EGBGB中的相关条款和规则。由于德国国际私法欧盟化趋势比较明显，其国际私法中的涉外合同领域和涉外侵权领域的相关弱者保护条款已经被欧盟法取代，因此，本文在上述两个领域的研究对象主要是《罗马条例Ⅰ》以及《罗马条例Ⅱ》中的相关条款和规则。 本文主要从国际私法冲突规范以及国际私法基本制度和基本原则的角度分析德国国际私法涉外婚姻家庭、涉外合同和涉外侵权领域中的弱者保护内容和方法。弱势一方的属人法作为连结点是这三个领域在冲突规范层面保护弱者的共同方式。特别地是，在涉外婚姻家庭领域，德国法院会充分考虑儿童利益最大化的要求并利用公共秩序保留制度对不符合“儿童福利原则”的外国法排除适用，最终作出有利于弱者的判决。在涉外合同领域，德国法院首先运用限制性意思自治原则，即结合有利原则和强制性规范对法律选择作出限制，确保弱势一方受到相关连结点所指向国家法律的强制性保护；然后，法院运用最密切联系原则对不利于弱者的连结点进行修正，从而选出更有利于弱者保护的准据法。在涉外特殊侵权领域（产品责任），德国法院首先按层级适用三个梯度连结点，最后运用最密切联系原则进行兜底，排除产品获取地等不利于产品受害人的连结点的适用，从而作出更有利于产品受害人的判决。 德国国际私法之弱者保护不仅立足于德国国内的《民法施行法》给予弱者特定内容和特定方式的保护，而且德国法院为作出倾斜于弱者的判决，在不违反本国公共秩序的前提下，充分利用了相关欧盟法和国际条约中关于弱者保护的规定。中国国际私法冲突规范对弱势群体的保护，立法步伐加快，与国际先进立法的差距正在缩小，但仍存在一些问题，如对弱势群体保护的领域不够广泛，保护方式比较单一，相关概念基本空白等等。中国国际私法立法者可以尝试将国外先进立法经验与国内司法实践结合起来，慢慢探索出一条符合中国特色的国际私法弱者保护之路。

The weak is a relative and variable concept. The protection of the weak is based on the vulnerability of the weak. Its vulnerability may be due to the psychological or intellectual disadvantage, or it may be as a result of economic or social dependence, and it may be owing to information asymmetry. The provisions of the German private international law on the protection of the weak represent the basic spirit of the German constitution and can also promote the peace and development of human society. Under the framework of the German private international law, this article mainly studies the legal provisions related to the protection of the weak and analyzes the corresponding German court cases. The research object of this article in the field of foreign-related marriage and family is mainly related to relevant provisions and rules in Germany's "Enforcement of Civil Law" EGBGB. Due to the obvious trend of the “Europeanization” of German international private law, its relevant clauses of weak protection in the field of foreign-related contracts and infringement have been replaced by European Union law. Therefore, the research objects in the above two fields are mainly the relevant provisions and rules of the Roman Regulations I and the Rome Regulations II. This article mainly analyzes the contents and methods of the protection of the weak in the field of foreign-related marriage and family, foreign-related contracts and foreign-related infringements in the German private international law from the perspective of the conflict rules of private international law and the basic systems and basic principles of private international law. The weaker party’s personal law as a connecting point is a common way for these three areas to protect the weak at the conflict norm level. In particular, in the field of foreign-related marriage and family, German courts will fully consider the requirements of maximizing the interests of children and use the public order retention system to exclude the application of foreign law that does not meet the “children’s welfare principle”, and ultimately make a judgment favorable to the weak. In the field of foreign-related contracts, the German courts first applied the principle of restrictive autonomy, that is, combining it with favorable principles and mandatory norms to restrict legal choices and ensure that the weaker party is subject to the mandatory protection of the national law by the relevant point of connection; then, the court uses the principle of the closest connection to amend the points of contact that are not conducive to the weak, and thus select the applicable law that is more conducive to the protection of the weak. In the area of foreign-related special infringement (product liability), the German court first applies three gradients at the hierarchical level, and finally uses the principle of the closest connection to carry out all the necessary measures to eliminate the disadvantages of product acquisition sites and other points that are not conducive to product victims in order to facilitate the judgment of the product victim. The protection of the weak in Germany's private international law not only protects the weaker with specific contents and particular ways based on the domestic law of the implementation of the Civil Code, but also makes it possible for the German courts to make full use of the relevant EU law and provisions of international treaties on the protection of the weak, in the premise of not violating their own public order. In general, the legislative pace is accelerating and the gap with international advanced legislation is narrowing in China. However, there are still some problems such as the protection of disadvantaged groups in scope is not extensive enough , and the methods of protection are relatively simple and the relevant basic concepts are almost blank and so on. Chinese private international lawmakers can try to combine the advanced foreign legislative experience with domestic judicial practice and gradually explore a road of protecting the weak in line with Chinese characteristics.