随着“银色浪潮”的迅猛而来，我国老龄化问题日显严重。老龄化迅速发展的同时，家庭规模的缩小以及传统的家庭功能的弱化，使得越来越多的老年人选择了机构养老的方式。人们在毕生发展的各个阶段都需要适应不同的发展环境，对于入住机构的老年人来说，要面临生理年龄和居住环境变化带来的双重适应压力。国内外的已有研究表明，对于老年人来说良好的社会和心理适应对老年的生活幸福、心理健康等产生重要影响。那么，在东方孝道文化下长大的老年人，要从传统的家庭养老迁移到现在的机构养老，对于他们来说无疑是一种重大改变。本研究欲探讨：在机构养老的人们由于外在环境的变化而引发的一系列心理变化发展年的本质及其影响因素；而这方面也是国内外研究所涉及却没有深入考察的。本研究采用访谈法和问卷法，从心理学角度考察了老年人机构养老适应的本质及其影响因素；其中机构适应的本质主要指适应的维度及其表现、适应的发展过程和发展阶段。探明适应的本质及其影响因素有助于为有入住机构养老意愿的人们提供心理和行为方面的参考，为养老机构的服务和管理提供心理学方面的指导和建议，也为政府等提供政策制定的参考依据。本研究具体包括三个研究。其中研究I是根据前人的研究成果如文献，初步罗列机构养老适应所涉及的内容及其影响老年人机构养老适应的因素，制定访谈提纲，并对15名机构入住的老人进行半结构式访谈，对访谈结果进行转录、编码和分析后得到老年人机构养老适应的4个主要方面：自然环境适应、人文环境适应、人际关系适应和心理调节适应。研究 Π 根据研究 І 的结果，编制了包含4个维度27个项目的初试版《老年人机构养老适应问卷》，通过项目分析、探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析后，得到了包含包括4个新维度13个项目的正式版《老年人机构养老适应问卷》，且该问卷具有良好的内部一致性信度、结构效度和效标关联效度。研究III通过回归分析和曲线估计等方法，探讨了影响老年人机构养老适应的因素及适应的发展阶段。综合而言，本研究结论如下：1. 《老年人机构养老适应问卷》拥有良好的信效度；2. 老年人机构养老适应主要包括机构环境心理适应、机构管理适应、机构居住环境适应和基本需求适应四个维度；3. 影响老年人机构养老适应的主要因素有：可支配收入水平、子女探视频率、与子女通话频率、对养老机构的了解状况、一般老化态度和自评健康状况等； 4. 老年人机构养老适应的适应期在入住机构后的前14个月，在第14个月左右进入稳定期。

With the rapid coming of “Silver Tide” in China, the problem of aging has been increasingly serious. At the same time, the reduction of family size and the weaken of traditional family functions make more and more old people to choose the way of the pension agency. People need to adapt to a different development environment in every stage of development life span, moreover, for older people in the pension agency have to adapt to the stressors both from physiological age and living environment changes. Some researches proved that the good social and psychological adaptation have an important impact on the happiness of life and mental health in older groups. However, it is no doubt that it will be a big challenge for older people in the background of Chinese traditional filial piety culture when they transform their traditional family to the pension agency. The aim of this study is to explore the older peoples’ physiological and psychological changes caused by the external environment change in pension agency, as well as the psychological mechanism and its influencing factors, which is deserve depth study.In this study, we use interviews and questionnaire method to examine the nature of adaptation for older people in pension agency and its relationship with mental health. The nature of the agency adaptation including process, stage, content and performance when older people entering into pension agency; the index of mental health including depression levels and life satisfaction; and, the influence factors involving age, gender, economic level, the willingness and social support. We aim to draw the appropriate conclusions from the nature of adaptation, the influencing factors and outcome variables, so as to provide a reference for the older people who have willingness to enter into pension agency and the persons who as the services and management of the pension agency.There are three studies in our research. In the study I, we initially make a preliminary list of factors that influence the elderly pension agency base on the review reference in order to make interview outline. We formulated interview outline, and interviewed 15 old people from pension agency. After that making transcription of interview structure, Coding and Then, we got 4 dimensions of adaptation. That are natural adaptation to the environment, human environment adaptation, interpersonal adaptation and psychological adjustment to adaptation. Study II compiled first version of Urban Old Pension Agency Adaptation Questionnaire containing 4 dimensions and 27 items with according to the results of Study 1. After item analysis, exploration factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, the formal version contains 13 items including 4 new dimensions elderly institutions to adapt to the questionnaire, and the questionnaire has a good reliability and validity. In study III, using the regression analysis and curve estimation method, we to explore the factors affecting older institutions to adapt and adapt to the stage of development of the questionnaire. In general, the study found that:1. The questionnaire of adaption to pension agency has a good reliability and validity.2. pension agency adaptation comprised 4 aspects: environmental psychological adaptation, adaptation of agency management, adaption of institutional living of environment , adaptation of basic needs.3. The influencing factors of adaptation to elderly of pension agency include general aging attitude, living time of pension agency, recent emotional status, children visitation frequency, and the children call frequency of nursing home status and self-rated health status.4. The first 14 months is adaptation period for the elderly when they moved into pension agency, in the first 14 months or later entered a stable condition.