陶片放逐制是公元前5世纪雅典实行的一项政治制度，它开始于克里斯提尼改革，终止于西西里远征之前。陶片放逐的具体规定可以概括为，雅典公民根据自己的意愿，把心目中认为会对政体产生威胁的人物名字刻在陶片上，进行投票，得票数最多的人需在保留财产的条件下离开雅典十年。陶片放逐制的创立是克里斯提尼改革的重要组成部分。雅典在经历庇西特拉图僭主政治和党争之后，迫切需要一场改革来挽救局面。为此，克里斯提尼在雅典民众的支持下进行了一系列改革，结束了雅典长期以来的动荡局面。出于防范庇西特拉图僭主政治重现以及与政敌伊萨戈拉斯斗争的需要，克里斯提尼创立了陶片放逐制。按照陶片放逐制的规定，选票是碎陶片。雅典公民每年先召开一次公民大会，讨论本年度实施陶片放逐的可能性，接着进行投票。公民将心目中的人选写在陶片上，总票数超过6000则为有效，得票数最多的人被放逐出城邦十年。在雅典历史上，从首位被陶片放逐的希帕库斯，到历史上最后一次陶片放逐的对象许佩玻洛斯，总共曾有十余位雅典人遭到陶片放逐的惩罚，其中很多人是在雅典政坛叱咤风云的人物，如阿里斯提德、地米斯托克利、客蒙等。在他们每个人被陶片放逐的背后都有复杂的原因，本文单辟一章专门讨论这一问题。除了陶片放逐制以外，雅典乃至希腊还有其他的流放形式，如政治流亡和刑罚中的放逐。与其他流放形式相比，陶片放逐制具有温和型的特点，比如放逐的时间是有限的，保障被放逐人的部分权益，而且不牵连家族其他成员等。但是，陶片放逐制也存在一些不成熟的地方，比如投票具有随意性、被放逐人无权辩护等。从古典时代到近现代，很多作家和学者对陶片放逐制曾有过各种各样的评价，笔者也在此文中对陶片放逐制发表了自己的看法。笔者认为，陶片放逐制在防范僭主政治方面起到了积极的作用，它是雅典新生民主制的保护伞；陶片放逐制与雅典的派争没有直接的关联；同时，当雅典的民主制逐渐成熟以后，陶片放逐制也就结束了其历史使命，退出了历史舞台。

Ostracism is a political system at Athens in the 5th century B.C. It started in Cleisthenes reform, and terminated before the expedition to Sicily. Specific provisions of ostracism can be summarized as that, the Athenians named the figures and carved on the potsherds according to their own will, aimed to the person who was believed threat the government. They voted, and then the person who owned the largest number of votes was required to leave Athens for ten years, while retaining his property.Ostracism is an important component of Cleisthenes reform. After Pisistratus tyranny and party struggles in Athens, the need for a reform to save the situation is imminent. With the support of the people in Athens, Cleisthenes launched a series of reforms, and put an end to the unrest in Athens for a long time. For the need of keeping Pisistratus tyranny away and struggle against political opponent Isagoras, Cleisthenes created ostracism.According to the specific provisions, the votes are potsherds. The Athenians convened an assembly every year to discuss the possibility of implementation of ostracism in this year, and then voted. They wrote the name of candidate in the potsherds. If the quantity is more than 6000, the votes will be valid. The candidate obtained the largest number of votes must be banished from the city for ten years.In Athenian history, from the first candidate Hippachus to the last Hyperbolos, a total of more than ten Athenians had been punished by ostracism. Many of them are famous politicians in Athens, such as Aristides, Themistocles, Cimon and so on. Each of their ostracism had complex reasons. This article has one chapter devoted to discuss the issue.In addition to ostracism, there are other forms in Athens and Greek city-state, such as political exile and the penalty of exile. Compared with other forms of exile, ostracism is milder, because the time of exile is limited, some interests of candidate are protected, and no other family members involved. However, ostracism is an immature system too. There are some places showing these defects, such as voting with the randomness, the candidate has no right to defend.From classical to modern times, many writers and scholars had a variety of evaluation for ostracism. The author of this article also expressed his views on ostracism. The author believes that the ostracism plays a positive role in the prevention of tyranny, and it is a protective system for the nascent democracy of Athens; there is no direct correlation between ostracism and party struggles. Meanwhile, when the democracy of Athens become maturity, the ostracism will put an end to its historic mission, and withdraw from the stage of history.