记忆从众是指个体对事件的记忆受到他人信息或记忆影响，与他人的描述内容趋于一致的现象。他人传播虚假信息导致个体原本准确的记忆出错，这被称为扭曲性记忆从众。他人传播真实信息使个体纠正不准确的记忆，这被称为纠正性记忆从众。信息影响和规范影响是导致记忆从众的两个主要原因。信息影响基于对准确性的追求，个体相信他人记忆更准确而与他人保持一致。规范影响基于维护社会关系的需要，个体为了获得社会认可或避免社会惩罚而与他人保持一致。

以往研究表明他人在场和人际信任与记忆从众有关，但目前尚不清楚他人在场和人际信任如何通过规范和信息影响来影响记忆从众。本研究探讨了他人在场、由人际互动引发的信任变化、合作与竞争人格倾向对记忆从众的影响，并试图阐明规范影响和信息影响在其中的相对贡献。该研究有助于了解社会互动情境下人际关系如何影响个体记忆，以及个体的一般人际互动模式在其中的作用。

研究1考察了他人在场对记忆从众的影响。60名被试被按照同性别、陌生人原则分成30个两人小组。两名被试一起观看视频，完成记忆初测和记忆重测。在重测阶段，研究者引导被试相信反馈信息是来自现场同伴（他人真实在场）或先前其他参与者（他人隐含在场）的初测选择，并让被试再次做出选择。结果发现，他人真实在场的扭曲性记忆从众显著高于他人隐含在场，两者在纠正性记忆从众上差异不显著。扭曲性记忆从众产生后记忆信心没有显著变化，说明规范影响主导了扭曲性记忆从众。纠正性记忆从众产生后记忆信心上升，说明信息影响主导了纠正性记忆从众。结果表明，他人在场增强规范影响，从而促进扭曲性记忆从众。

研究2考察了社会互动情境诱发的人际信任对记忆从众的影响，以及这种影响是否受到合作与竞争人格倾向的调节。在记忆初测后，通过联合问题解决任务来操纵被试对同伴的信任（30人，15组），再让其进行记忆重测（从众测验）和人格测量。研究结果重复了扭曲性记忆从众和纠正性记忆从众的信心变化模式。扭曲性记忆从众与人际信任正相关，与竞争人格倾向负相关。人际信任对扭曲性记忆从众的促进效应只在竞争倾向较弱的个体上存在，在竞争倾向较强的个体上这种效应不存在。结果表明，人际信任增强规范影响，从而促进扭曲性记忆从众，这种效应受到竞争人格倾向的削弱。

综上，本研究表明，他人在场和人际互动引发的信任关系增强规范影响，从而促进扭曲性记忆从众。竞争倾向抑制规范影响，从而削弱人际信任对扭曲性记忆从众的促进作用。记忆不是纯粹的认知过程，它受到人际关系、人际互动模式的影响。

Memory conformity refers to the phenomenon where individual's memories of an event is influenced by the memories or information reported by others and tends to be consistent with the others’ memories. Distortive memory conformity refers to the the phenomenon where the social transmission of misinformation causes individual’s memory report from accurate to inaccurate. Corrective memory conformity refers to the the phenomenon where the social transmission of true information causes individual’s memory report from inaccurate to accurate. Informational and normative influences are two main causes of memory conformity. Informational influence is based on the pursuit of accuracy, and individuals conform to others because they believe others’ memories are more accurate. In contrast, normative influence is based on the need to preserve social relationships, where individuals conform to others to gain social approval or avoid social punishment.

Previous studies have shown that the presence of others and interpersonal trust are related to memory conformity, but it is unclear how the presence of others and interpersonal trust influence memory conformity through normative and informational influences. Present study explores the effects of the presence of others, interpersonal trust, and cooperative and competitive personality on memory conformity. This study contributes to the understanding of how interpersonal relationship in social interaction situation affects individual’s memories and the role of individual's general interpersonal interaction patterns in it.

The first research investigates the effect of others presence on memory conformity. Participants (N = 60) are paired (dyads = 30) according to the principle of same gender and strangers. The dyads watch video, take initial memory test and memory retest. During the memory retest, participants are led to believe that feedbacks are from the initial test choices of either the partner (real presence) or a previous participant (implied presence). Results show that distortive memory conformity is higher for real presence than implied presence, while corrective memory conformity for real presence is not significantly different from implied presence. Memory confidence remains unchanged after distortive memory conformity occurred, suggesting that distortive memory conformity is mostly normative. Memory confidence increases after corrective memory conformity occurred, suggesting that corrective memory conformity is mostly informative. Taken together, the results suggest that the presence of others enhances normative influence and consequently promotes distortive memory conformity.

The second research investigates the effect of interpersonal trust induced by social interaction situations on memory conformity, and whether this effect is moderated by cooperative and competitive personality. After the initial memory test, participants (N = 30) in pairs (dyads = 15) take a joint problem-solving task, which is designed to manipulating trust. After that, participants take memory retest (conformity test) and receive personality measures. Results replicate the findings of changes in memory confidence for distortive and corrective memory conformity. Interpersonal trust is positively correlated with distortive memory memory conformity while competitive personality is distortive memory memory conformity. The promoting effect of interpersonal trust on distortive memory conformity is significant in individuals with weak competitive personality but disappears in individuals with strong competitive personality. Taken together, the results suggest that interpersonal trust enhances normative influence and consequently promotes distortive memory conformity, and this effect is attenuated by competitive personality.

In summary, these results indicate that the newly formed interpersonal relationship induced by the presence of others and social interactions enhances normative influence and consequently promotes distortive memory conformity. Competitive personality inhibits normative influence, thereby weakening the promotion of interpersonal trust on distortive memory conformity. Memory is not only a basic cognitive process but also influenced by interpersonal relationships and interpersonal interaction pattern.