国际非政府组织（INGO）这一概念蕴含着两个充满张力的侧面：一方面，其中涉及到不同国别、民族、宗教等社会类别之间的边界与关系，在特定时期与文化背景下会对此谨慎对待；另一方面，它又具有NGO的一般属性，倾向于采取去类别化的视角，关注人类的共同利益，因而具有营造共享价值的潜力。

INGO的这一特征使其可以很好地落入到社会科学领域关于“类别（category）”的研究范畴。其涉及到的理论包括社会类别、社会认同、冲突与合作等，核心关注群际接触、群际冲突以及不同类别间的合作共赢。既有的研究表明，不同类别之间经常仅仅由于类别归属的差异而产生摩擦、对立与冲突，其间充满了诸多的非理性因素；但与此同时，不同类别也可以通过努力而超越类别间的对立，最终进入到共享价值的地带。

相较而言，类别间冲突与对立的相关研究早已大量出现，而关于不同社会类别何以走向共享价值的深度研究则相对缺乏。本研究则是试图填补这一空白的尝试：通过对北京春晖博爱公益基金会（前身为境外的半边天基金会）长达四年的深度追踪与系统化分析，揭示了发端于另一个国家、另一个民族以及具有不同宗教信仰的INGO，是如何带着资金与理念在跨国公益运作的场域中产生出颇具示范意义的共享价值的。

该基金会在中国社会有着长达二十多年的运作与探索历程，涉及项目如何在国内福利院真正落地、如何有效地帮助于院内的孤残儿童和困境儿童、如何在帮助的同时避免任何形式的偏见与歧视，以及如何推动本土团队成为项目运作的责任主体等一系列的具体目标。二十余年间从未出现任何负面的冲突性事件，产出的是颇具说服力的专业能力的成长和对人的价值与潜力的最大化挖掘。因此，完全可以将该基金会的运作历程看作是一个精心投入的社会实验过程：在这一现实场域中，不同类别不仅没有产生负面效应，反而在突破类别的过程中真正实现了比单一类别中更具深度的人的价值。通过对案例的深度分析，本研究有信心获得关于不同社会类别如何共融共建的新的理论收获，核心发现如下：

第一，在跨国公益运作的现实场域中，当不同国别、不同社会文化体系的类别群体直面相遇，完全可以避免进入类别之间的对立冲突而走向共享与合作。进入的路径是不同社会类别之间的共同成分，而不是从差异处切入，共同成分恰好是个体化的人本身；

第二，当不同社会类别以彼此共同的成分展开行动时，共享价值的内涵则得到了更多且更深程度的挖掘，而不是简单抓取类别双方的重叠部分。其核心是各个类别之内“以个体化的人为本”的价值，包括减轻人的痛苦、增加人的福利与尊严、促进人的全面发展和潜能最大化。不同社会类别之间的碰撞，反而有助于这一价值的深度显现；

第三，共享价值的挖掘和实现需要专业能力的保障。共享价值是以人为本的理念，但要在现实中兑现这一理念，尤其是在社会文化有所不同的另一处社会空间中兑现却是一个巨大的难题。破解该难题的方法则是专业能力，其包含提供社会服务的能力和公共管理的能力两个侧面，于是形成了“共享价值+专业能力”的特定组合结构；

第四，共享价值与专业能力相互促进。专业能力是共享价值的保障，只有不断积累与沉淀专业能力，共享价值才能更高程度地落地兑现，而不至于随时因为遇到现实困难而终止。

因而，本文的首要目标并非研究INGO本身的运作规律，而是借助案例主体的实践来揭示不同的社会类别是如何共融共建以实现更高程度的共享价值的。但在此首要目标实现之后，又可以将研究结论运用到相关公共政策建议层面。通过本文的理论研究可推论出以下政策建议：首先，政府需要关注走进来的境外NGO所拥有的优势并将其吸纳，鉴别出带有良好服务理念、行动意愿和资金的境外NGO并给予行动空间和支持，形成促使中国社会发展的合力；其次，我国当前也正处于推动NGO走出去的时期，需要对我国走出去的“INGO”做出准确定位，并且在特定的价值理念、服务与管理的专业能力，以及理念与专业能力如何相结合的知识体系等方面给予指导。

The notion of an international non-governmental organization (INGO) implies two tensions: on the one hand, it involves boundaries and relationships between different social categories such as countries, ethnic groups, religions, etc., which are treated with caution in a specific time and cultural context; on the other hand, it has the general attributes of an NGO, which tends to adopt a de-categorized perspective and focus on the common good of humanity, and thus has the potential to create shared values.

The characteristic of  INGO makes it fall into social science research on "category", involving theories such as social categories, social identity, conflict and cooperation, with a central focus on inter-group contact, inter-group conflict, and win-win cooperation between different categories. Existing studies have shown that friction, confrontation and conflict often arise between different categories simply because of differences in category affiliation, which is full of irrational factors; at the same time, however, different categories can also transcend the confrontation between categories through efforts and eventually enter the zone of shared values.

In contrast, there has been an abundance of research on inter-category conflict and antagonism, and a lack of in-depth research at on how different social categories move toward shared values. This study is an attempt to fill this gap: through four years of in-depth tracking and systematic analysis of the Beijing Chunhui Children’s Foundation (formerly the overseas Half-Sky Foundation), the analysis reveals how overseas NGOs, which originated in another country, another ethnic group, and a different religion, bring their funds and ideas to produce exemplary shared value in the transnational public welfare arena.

The foundation has been operating and developing social service programs for children in China for more than 20 years, involving a series of specific objectives such as how to truly implement the programs in domestic welfare institutions, how to effectively help orphaned children and children in difficult circumstances in the institutions, how to avoid any form of prejudice and discrimination while helping them, as well as how to promote the local team to become the subject of liability for the program operation, and so on. In more than twenty years, there has never been any negative conflictual incident, and the output is the convincing growth of professional ability and the maximization of human value and potential. Therefore, it is possible to view the foundation's operational history as a carefully invested process of social experimentation: in this field of reality, different categories not only do not produce negative effects, but instead, in the process of breaking through the categories, they truly realize a deeper human value than that found in a single category. By analyzing the case in depth, this study is confident of gaining new theoretical insights into how different social categories can be built together, with the following core findings:

First, in the real field of transnational public goods operation, when categories of groups from different countries and different social and cultural systems meet each other directly, it is possible to avoid the antagonistic conflict between the categories and move towards sharing and cooperation. The path of interaction is the common elements between different social categories, rather than cutting through the differences, which happen to be the individualized humanity;

Secondly, when different social categories act on the common elements of each other, the shared values are explored in greater and deeper depths than simply capturing the overlap between the two. At their core are the "individualized human-centred" values within each category, including the alleviation of human suffering, the enhancement of human well-being and dignity, and the promotion of the full development of the human person and the maximization of his or her potential. The clash between the different social categories, on the contrary, contributes to the deepening of this value;

Thirdly, the exploitation and realization of shared value requires capacity of expertise. Shared value is a people-centered concept, but it is a great challenge to realize this concept in reality, especially in another society with a different social culture. The solution to this problem is professional competence, which consists of both the ability to provide social services and the ability to manage public affairs, resulting in a specific combination of "shared value + professional competence";

Fourthly, shared value and professional capacity are mutually reinforcing. Professional capacity is the guarantee of shared value, and only by continuously accumulating and precipitating professional capacity can shared value be realized to a higher degree and not be terminated at any time because of practical difficulties.

Consequently the primary goal of this paper is not to study the workings of INGOs per se, but rather to use the practices of the case subjects to reveal how different social categories can work together to achieve higher levels of shared value. However, it is possible to apply the findings of the study to public policy recommendations. Through the theoretical research in this paper, the following policy recommendations can be deduced: firstly, the government needs to pay attention to the advantages of INGOs coming in and absorb them, identify INGOs with good service concepts, willingness to act and funds, and give them space and support to act, so as to form a synergy that promotes the development of China's society; secondly, China is now in the period of promoting NGOs to internationalize and needs to provide support for the "INGOs" that have gone out to the world from China; secondly, China needs to provide support for the "INGOs" that have gone out to the world and provide guidance in terms of specific values and concepts, professional capacity in service and management, and knowledge system on how to combine the concepts and professional capacity, and so on.