马克思主义发展史是一部不同观点互相碰撞的思想交锋史，也正是在一次次的思想交锋中，人们对于马克思主义的理解愈加深入。异化劳动理论作为《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中的核心理论，也经历了诸多争论，如由异化劳动理论引发的“认识论断裂”问题、马克思主义与人道主义的关系问题等等。这些论争至今仍未停止，折射出人们对马克思主义的不同理解，并进而影响着人们对于世界的看法和现实的行为方式。真理愈辩愈明，对异化劳动理论及以上争论进行深入研究，将有助于我们深刻理解马克思思想的实质，同时结合当今时代条件明晰异化劳动理论的价值和意义。

异化劳动理论诞生于资本主义迅猛发展的时代大背景下，是马克思从英国古典政治经济学、黑格尔精神劳动观和费尔巴哈人本主义异化观等有益思想中汲取养料，论述工人阶级悲惨生存状态的理论。明晰劳动的本质是批判劳动异化的逻辑起点。在马克思看来，自由自在的劳动即人的本质，劳动使人的本质和力量得以确证，对人类存在和发展起着决定性作用。但是不合理的强制分工和资本主义私有制的存在使得劳动成为外在于劳动者的过程，造成了劳动的异化。异化劳动必然被人类扬弃，不仅仅是因为它给工人造成了极大痛苦，更根本的原因在于从人类社会发展的规律性出发，扬弃异化劳动具有历史必然性。

马克思提出异化劳动理论时正处于思想蜕变期，因此在《手稿》中他的思想仍然带有前人的旧痕，这正是其理论引起众多争议的原因，而众多争论归根结底是对马克思所持历史观的争议。本文认为，判断马克思的思想本质，应该从其思想发展的动态变化之处入手，着眼于其思想的新特征与新内容。因为从其思想的整体发展来看，这些新特征、新内容才能是此阶段马克思思想的中心。所以对异化劳动理论的理解不应当从其人本主义色彩出发，而是应该从其对经济事实的表述出发。异化劳动表明马克思已经实现了对费尔巴哈人本主义叙事逻辑的本质突破，唯物史观也自《手稿》开始逐渐成为马克思一生进行科学研究的思想基调。

随着时代发展，异化劳动理论以新的形式展现出来。就其表现形式而言，数字劳动异化和消费异化现象是异化劳动在当代社会的演进，就其危害而言，工人阶级普遍的忧虑状态和精神痛苦早已超过了肉体上的折磨。对当下中国而言，扬弃异化劳动具有深刻的当代意蕴。异化劳动的扬弃既是满足人们对美好生活要求的应有之义，同时与实现中国式现代化也具有内在的契合之处。

The history of the development of Marxism is a history of conflicting ideas, and it is precisely during these exchanges that people's understanding of Marxism has deepened. As the core theory in Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts in 1844, the theory of alienated labor has also experienced many debates, such as the "epistemology fracture" caused by the theory of alienated labor, the relationship between Marxism and humanism, and so on. These controversies have not yet ceased, reflecting people's different understandings of Marxism and subsequently influencing people's views on the world and their behavior in reality. The more truth is debated, the clearer it becomes. A thorough study of the theory of alienated labor and the above debates will help us deeply understand the essence of Marxist thought, and at the same time, clarify the value and significance of the theory of alienated labor based on the conditions of today's era.

The theory of alienated labor was born in the context of the rapid development of capitalism driven by the Industrial Revolution. It is a theory that Marx drew nourishment from beneficial ideas such as classical British political economy, Hegelian spiritual labor view, and Feuerbach's humanistic alienation view, discussing the tragic survival state of the working class. Clarifying the essence of labor is the logical starting point for criticizing labor alienation. In Marx's view, labor is the essence of human beings, which confirms their essence and strength and plays a decisive role in human existence and development. However, the unreasonable forced division of labor and the existence of capitalist private ownership have made labor an external process, resulting in the alienation of labor. Alienated labor is inevitably abandoned by humans, not only because it causes great pain to workers, but also because, starting from the laws of human development, the abandonment of alienated labor has historical inevitability.

When Marx proposed the theory of alienated labor, he was in a period of ideological transformation. Therefore, his ideas still bear old traces in the manuscript, which is the reason why his theory has caused many controversies. Essentially, many controversies are disputes over Marx's historical view. This article believes that to judge the essence of Marx's ideology reflected in the manuscript, we should start from the dynamic changes in the development of his ideology, and focus on the new characteristics and content of his ideology. Because from the overall development of his ideas, these new features and contents can be the center of Marxist thought at this stage. So the understanding of the theory of alienated labor should not start from its humanistic color, but from its expression of economic facts. Alienated labor shows that Marx has achieved an essential breakthrough in Feuerbach's humanistic narrative logic, and historical materialism has gradually become the keynote of Marx's scientific research throughout his life since the manuscript.

With the development of the times, the theory of alienated labor has emerged in new forms. In terms of its manifestations, the phenomenon of digital labor alienation and consumption alienation is the evolution of alienated labor in contemporary society. In terms of its harm, the general anxiety and mental pain of the working class have long surpassed physical torture. Many expressions with the characteristics of the times have added new contemporary significance to the sublation of alienated labor. For China, promoting and abandoning alienated labor is both a necessary obligation to meet people's demands for a better life. At the same time, it also has an internal correspondence with the realization of Chinese path to modernization.